II] 
WOODLAND ASSOCIATIONS 75 
“ Atropa Belladonna” 
Galium verum 
G. sylvestre 
“Rubia peregrina” 
Dipsacus pilosus 
Scabiosa Columbaria 
Campanula Trachelium 
Eupatorium cannabinum 
Inula squarrosa 
(=I. Conyza) 
Arctium nemorosum 
Serratula tinctoria 
Centaurea Scabiosa 
Picris hieracioides 
Hieracium spp. 
H. sciaphilum 
H. britannicum 
Carex ornithopoda 
Scirpus compressus 
“Polygonatum multiflorum ” 
“P. officinale” 
Helleborine atro-rubens 
(=Epipactis atro-rubens) 
*‘Orchis pyramidalis” 
On the other hand, the following species are found in the 
oak and birch woods, and are absent from the ash woods of the 
Peak District :— 
Trees and shrubs 
Salix aurita 
Betula pubescens 
Quercus sessiliflora 
Rhamnus Frangula 
Undershrubs 
Salix repens 
Ulex Gallii 
U. europaeus 
Cytisus scoparius 
Erica cinerea 
Calluna vulgaris 
Vaccinium Myrtillus 
V. Vitis-idaea 
Herbaceous species 
Equisetum sylvaticum 
Cryptogamma crispa 
Blechnum spicant 
Nephrodium montanum 
N. spinulosum 
Corydalis claviculata 
Pyrola minor 
P. media 
Scutellaria minor 
Digitalis purpurea 
Melampyrum pratense (agg.) 
Galium saxatile 
Jasione montana 
Wahlenbergia hederacea 
Gnaphalium sylvaticum 
Senecio sylvatica 
Holcus mollis 
Deschampsia flexuosa 
Molinia caerulea 
Carex binervis 
C. helodes 
(=C, laevigata) 
Luzula sylvatica 
Orchis ericetorum 
Several species, whilst occurring both in the ash and in 
the oak and birch woods, ascend to higher altitudes in the 
former than in the latter; and the following are examples of 
such species :— 
