VIit| CULTIVATED LAND: CULTURE ASSOCIATIONS 203 
The plants in the following list are mostly counted as 
“weeds” by the farmer. They are most abundant in the fields 
bordering on the uncultivated land, which are less frequently 
and less regularly manured than the fields at lower levels. 
Most of the species are really indigenous to the district, and 
would perish if the fields in which they occur were manured 
more systematically. The list contains most of the species of 
the more upland permanent pastures on the sandstones and 
shales, although, owing to the manuring, there is no great 
difference between the permanent pastures of the sandstones 
and shales and those of the limestones :— 
In drier pastures 
In damper pastures 
Ophioglossum vulgatum r, la | *Rumex alpinus vr 
Pteris aquilina r, la | Stellaria graminea ) 
Rumex Acetosella o, la | Ranunculus repens la 
Polygonum Bistorta o, Is | R. bulbosus 0, la 
Cerastium vulgatum o | R. acris a 
Potentilla erecta o | Saxifraga granulata vr 
P. procumbens la | Alchemilla pratensis 0 to a 
Lotus corniculatus o | Sanguisorba officinalis la 
Trifolium medium 1 | Trifolium repens o toa 
Lathyrus montanus 1 | T. pratense ) 
Hypericum pulchrum r | Anthriscus sylvestris 1 
Viola lutea r, la | Heracleum Sphondylium ) 
Pimpinella Saxifraga r to o | Conopodium majus Oo 
Veronica officinalis la | Prunella vulgaris ) 
Euphrasia officinalis la -| Ajuga reptans c 
Rhinanthus Crista-galli la | Veronica Chamaedrys ) 
Plantago lanceolata a | Achillaea Ptarmica ] 
Galium saxatile la | A. Millefolium a 
Campanula rotundifolia r to o | Bellis perennis a 
Centaurea nigra o to a | Senecio Jacobaea la 
Chrysanthemum Leucan- Hypochaeris radicata ) 
themum o to a | Leontodon autumnale a 
Leontodon hispidum o | Taraxacum officinale a 
Crepis virens o | Holcus lanatus ) 
Hieracium Pilosella r to a | Deschampsia caespitosa 1 
Agrostis vulgaris la | Carex ovalis ] 
Briza media 1 | *Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus r, la 
Festuca ovina r, la | *Crocus nudiflorus la 
Luzula campestris la 
Near the upper limits of cultivation, the manuring often 
consists of dressings of lime or of farmyard manure; and it is 
only as the lowlands are aperonelice that chemical manuring 
is freely utilized. 
