vil] CULTIVATED LAND: CULTURE ASSOCIATIONS 209 
PLANTATIONS 
The natural and semi-natural woods of the district have 
been described in a previous chapter. It remains to mention 
the plantations. The latter term is here used to denote purely 
artificial associations of trees whose ground flora does not com- 
prise shade-loving species. 
In this district, plantations occur usually on the site of 
former grassland, less frequently on a moorland site, and 
searcely ever on former arable land. 
The trees most commonly planted are the Scots pine (* Pinus 
sylvestris), the larch (*Laria decidua =* L. europaea), and the 
beech (* Fagus sylvatica). Other trees which are locally abundant 
in the plantations are the black or Austrian pine (* P. nigricans 
= * P. austriaca), the spruce fir or Norway spruce (* Picea ez- 
celsa), the oak (* Quercus Robur=* Q. pedunculata), and the 
sycamore (* Acer Pseudoplatanus). 
On the vegetation maps, the plantations which consist chiefly 
of coniferous trees are distinguished from those which consist 
chiefly of dicotyledonous trees by means of special colours; and 
the most abundant trees are indicated by letters, thus: * Pinus 
sylvestris (p), *Laria decidua (=*L. europaea) (L), * Fagus 
sylvatica (F’), mixed conifers (C), mixed dicotyledonous trees (D), 
or mixed coniferous and dicotyledonous trees (M). In the case 
of plantations consisting of an approximately equal mixture of 
deciduous and coniferous species, the fact is indicated on the 
maps by stippling. 
The pine plantations are more numerous on the non-cal- 
careous than on the calcareous soils: larch and beech plantations 
occur indifferently on either soil. In damp situations, the larch 
is commonly attacked by canker (Dasyscypha calycina = Peziza 
Wilkommu). The beech grows well in the district, more 
especially perhaps on the limestones; but nowhere on the 
Pennines does the tree appear to rejuvenate from self-sown 
seed. Henry (1907: 100) states that the beech is native in 
this district ; but that is not the usual view. The place-name 
Buxton which Henry infers means “ beechtown,” is capable of a 
very different derivation. Lees (1888) says that the beech is 
“possibly native on the Permian” or Magnesian Limestone of 
M. 14 
