ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAMMALIA IN EUROPE. 221 
8 in Moravia, 81 in Austrian Silesia, 4 in Galicia, and 30 in 
Bukowina. 
The family Viverridw is represented in Europe by two: 
species, which belong to different genera, but one of these 
(Herpestes ichnewmon) was most likely introduced from Africa 
in the early days of Greek civilization. The other (Vwerra 
genetia) is rather widely diffused throughout Spain and 
Southern France, though it appears to be nowhere abundant. 
In the latter country its range extends farther north than is 
generally believed two were recently killed in the Depart- 
ment of Allier, and other two in that of Puy de Dome. 
The family Canide is represented in every country on 
the Continent of Europe, as well as in Great Britain, Ireland, 
Iceland, and the larger Mediterranean islands. Its most 
powerful member, the Wolf (Canis lupus), still ranges over 
the greater part of the Palearctic Region; but within the 
present century its distribution has been greatly narrowed 
in the western parts of its habitat. In Germany wolves 
are virtually extinct. A few descend from time to time 
from the forests of the Vosges into the Imperial territory 
of Elsass-Lothringen, and quite recently a straggler from 
Russia was killed in the remote Rominter Heide, but from 
the interior of the country they have long ago been 
banished. One was killed in the Thiiringerwald in 1859, 
and another in the Erzgebirge in 1884, both of which had 
doubtless wandered across the Austrian frontier. In 1866 
one was killed in the Odenwald, and during the war in 
1871 no fewer than 26 were destroyed in the neighbour- 
hood of Trier. In 1856 wolves were rather numerous in 
the Grisons Canton, but they are now rare in the Alps. 
In 1892, 63 were killed in the Cis-leithan provinces of 
Austria, 71 were killed in 1893, 68 in 1894, 49 in 1895, 
49 in 1896, 51 in 1897. Of 45 killed in 1898, 20 came 
from Galicia and 25 from Bukowina. Though wolves were 
very destructive in Apulia and Calabria within the latter 
half of this century, and though Mr Abel Chapman speaks 
of the exceptional size of those which inhabit the Sierra 
Nevada, little has been heard of their ravages in either 
Italy or Spain within the last few years. In the south, 
where the climate is warm, and where vegetable food 
VOL. I. 17 
