18 DR DAVID HEPBURN ON 
Norma Lateralis——We note the outline of the vertex 
and back of the head, and observe that the curve rises 
upwards and backwards from the Glabella and superciliary 
ridges, attaining its greatest height a little behind the 
bregma. Then it slopes gradually downwards and back- 
wards in the civilised skull. Sometimes the slope from 
the obelion downwards is precipitous and may have been 
due to pressure applied in infancy causing a deformity. 
We note also the Pterion; the regions of greatest and least 
width; the Asterion; Mastoid process, etc.; Temporal 
ridges ; Stephanion. 
This view of the face is very important, because we can 
see the amount of projection of the face as a whole, or of 
the nose, chin, or jaw. When the upper jaw projects it is 
called a Prognathic skull (Gr. gnathos, cheek or jaw-bone), 
and then the nasal bones are non-protuberant. On the 
other hand, with projecting nasal bones the upper jaw is 
non-protuberant and the skull is Orthognathie. 
Norma Frontalis—We note the general width of the 
face and the amount of projection of the zygomatic arches, 
observing whether the skull is “‘metopic,” ae. presents an 
unossified frontal suture; the form of the jaw; the state of 
the dentition ; the outline of the nasal and orbital openings ; 
the character of the nasal spine of the superior maxilla. 
The Nasion is the mid-point of the fronto-nasal suture. 
The Alveolar Point is the most prominent point of the upper 
jaw just above the incisor teeth. The Sub-nasal Point is 
the point at the root of the nasal process of superior maxilla. 
Norma Occipitalis——We note the Jnion (Gr. inion, nape 
of neck), which is the external occipital protuberance. The 
inion and the curved lines extending laterally from it give 
us the supra-inion and the infra-inion. In the former we 
find the Occipital Point, and this region is covered by the 
scalp. The infra-inion gives attachment to the muscles of 
the neck. The Asterion is the point where occipital, 
parietal, and petromastoid bones meet. 
Norma Inferior—Here we note the Foramen Magnum. 
To its front edge is given the name Basion, and to its hinder 
margin the term Opisthion (Gr. opisthen, behind) is applied. 
In quadrupeds the foramen magnum is directed backwards 
