20 DR DAVID HEPBURN ON 
every precaution has been observed, slight discrepancies will 
arise, but if the error be no greater than 10 c.c. it may be 
regarded as “ slight.” 
The capacity of the normal human skull varies from 
1000 ce. to 1800 c.c. 
In striking averages, it is advisable to compare only those 
of the same sex, because the mean capacity of female crania 
is 10% less than the mean capacity of male skulls. 
Skulls whose capacity is below 1350 c.c. are called Micro- 
cephalic ; from 1350-1450 e.c., Mesocephalic; above 1450 c.c., 
Megacephalic. 
Megacephalic skulls are observed among Esquimaux, 
Europeans, Mongolians, Burmese, and Japs. 
Mesocephalic skulls are seen among Negroes, Malays, 
American Indians, and Polynesians. 
Microcephalic skulls include Bush people, Andamanese, 
extinct Tasmanians, Australian Aboriginals, many 
Melanesians, the Veddahs and Hill men of India. 
The mean capacity among European men is about 1500 
c.c. Sir Wm. Turner gives the mean capacity of 50 male 
Scotch skulls as 1492°8 c.c., ranging from 1240-1770 ee. ; 
of 23 female Scotch skulls as 1325 c.c., ranging from 1100— 
1625 c.c.; of 24 Australian men as 1286 cc., ranging from 
1044-1514 «ec.; of 12 Australian women as 1106 c.c., ranging 
from 930—1220 c.c. 
From a skull whose capacity is 1800 ce. to one of only 
930 cc. is an enormous stride, and yet there is no doubt of 
the hwman character of the smaller of the two, but it 
requires another enormous stride to bring us to the nearest 
Anthropoid Ape. A male Gorilla has been measured at 490 
c.c.; a male Orang, 440 cc.; a male Chimpanzee, 355 c.c. 
Admitting that skull capacity bears some relation to the 
size of the brain, and presumably therefore to the in- 
telligence of the individual, we have no difficulty in seeing 
that an enormous gap separates the highest ape from the 
lowest known human being, just as the latter is again far 
removed from the highly civilised and “ well-filled” skull of 
the European. If attention were merely confined to the 
tables of averages, one might almost conclude that sufficient 
data existed for distinguishing Homo sapiens from Homo 
