24 DR DAVID HEPBURN ON 
have been described for taking diameters by callipers and 
measuring external curves by the graduated tape were not 
sufficiently correlated, and in a variety of ways attempts 
have been made to remedy this defect. However, this has 
not found great favour, because the plans suggested all led 
to more or less destruction of the skull by the use of the 
saw. 
Recently I was fortunate in devising a set of callipers 
which enable us mechanically and easily to divide any of 
the cranial diameters into segments which exactly corre- 
spond to the sections of the various ares of bone by which 
they are covered. 
(These callipers were shown; the method of using them 
explained.) 
Before discussing the results obtained by the use of these 
callipers, and before discussing the value of skull measure- 
ments as a whole, I shall direct attention to the examination 
of the face. 
THE FAce, 
Simple as the subject might appear, there has been much 
discussion concerning the limits of the face. To the 
student of anatomy the face includes the region of the 
facial bones—that is to say, it does not include any part of 
the cranial or brain box. Therefore it does not include the 
forehead. In popular speech, however, the face includes 
the forehead and extends from this to the tip of the chin. 
The posterior limit of the face is the projecting convexity 
of the zygomatic arches, between which the facial width is 
determined. By some, the upper limit is taken at the 
fronto-nasal suture, but, by others, this limit is given at 
the Ophryon so as to include the eyebrows. In this con- 
nection it is worthy of note that the Greeks did not put 
any eyebrows on their statuary. 
A comparison between the length and breadth of the 
face is obtained as follows :— 
Namo: tal di ter x 100 
aslo-mental diameter = Facial Index. 
Bi-zygomatic diameter 
