28 DR DAVID HEPBURN ON 
Mesognathous, 98 to 103—eg., Chinese, Japs, Malays, 
Polynesians, Maoris, and Andamanese. 
Prognathous, above 103—ey., Kaffirs, Hottentots, Melan- 
esians, Negroes, Tasmanians, and Aboriginal Australians. 
The facial angle affects the face itself and may be 
determined on the living head as well as on the skull. By 
the Angle of Camper we mean the intersection of a base 
line drawn from the centre of the external auditory meatus 
to the subnasal point by another—a face line—drawn from 
the face margin of the upper lip to the glabella in the 
adult. A high facial angle means a high race, since 
normally it depends upon the amount of prognathism. 
Among the ancient Greeks the facial angle rose to 100°; 
Romans to 95° ; while all the best heads of antiquity gave an 
angle of 90° or a little over. 
Camper’s base line, however, does not give the full measure 
of prognathism, hence Cloquet lowered the base line to the 
alveolar point. 
According to this plan the facial angle among Europeans 
is 72; Negroes, 56; Chimpanzee, 386; Gorilla, 32:2; 
Orang, 28°5; Horse, 24; Tiger, 22°5. 
From this réswmé of the methods employed in the 
examination of the cranium and the face it must be quite 
clear that there is ample material for the classification of 
skulls, and, through them, of the races or peoples to which 
the skulls belong. But, having made the classification, we 
must now endeavour to determine whether it provides us 
with anything more than a collection of figures; whether, 
in fact, this method of classification upon the basis of figures 
is of any more value than a similar means of classifying any 
other group of objects which presented great variations in 
size. In applying ourselves to the discussion of the results, 
I think we must admit it to be a remarkable fact that, to a 
very large extent, the various modes of classification place 
what are popularly called the “higher” races at one end of 
a series, and the “lower” races at the other. And not 
only so, but that certain of the lower races are shown to 
approximate more or less closely to that group of the 
“lower” animals which is most man-like in its general 
