PREHISTORIC KITCHEN-MIDDENS. 123 
period, although within recent years their number has been 
considerably increased, especially in France. 
One of these early Neolithic haunts of man has been 
discovered in the vicinity of the villages of Salvaterra and 
Mugem, in the valley of the Tagus, Portugal. (Congres Inter- 
national d’ Anthropologie, etc., Lisbon volume, 1880, p. 279.) 
The shell-heaps of this district are grouped on the left bank 
of the river at from 25 to 30 métres above sea-level, but 
distant some 40 miles from the highest point to which the 
salt water now ascends. The shells are of marine origin, 
and it is supposed that when the shell-fish were gathered 
and used as food, the sea extended up the valley as far as 
the shell-mounds. The industrial remains disclosed by 
excavations are of a very rude character. They consist of 
primitive implements made of flint, quartz, bone, and horn— 
no pottery, nor any indications of the domestic animals, not 
even the dog, which, as we shall afterwards see, was the 
only animal domesticated by the people of the Danish 
Kjokkenmoddings. It appears that these refuse-heaps were 
‘subsequently used as cemeteries, and on the human remains 
disinterred important ethnological deductions have been 
founded. (See Prehistoric Scotland, p. 460.) 
The shell-mounds of Omori, near Tokio, Japan, described 
by Professor Morse (Memoirs of the University of Tokio, 
1879), indicate a more advanced civilisation than that in 
‘the valley of the Tagus, as may be inferred from the 
following quotation from Professor Morse’s memoir :— 
“The Omori deposits are also specialised. First: by the 
presence of enormous quantities of pottery of many 
different shapes, and of an almost infinite variety of 
‘ornamentation. Second: by the great scarcity of stone 
implements, and the absence of arrow-heads, spear-points, and 
other pointed implements of stone. . . . Not a single arrow- 
head, flake, or chip has been found by the various parties 
who have been there in the interests of the University ; and 
‘the combined time spent there, if represented by a single 
individual, would equal over eighty days’ work of seven 
hours each. The men of the Omori period were also 
cannibals, the evidences of which will be presented further 
-on. Peculiar clay tablets or amulets, to be described else- 
, 
