128 DR ROBERT MUNRO ON 
It will be observed from this list that, except the dog, 
the ordinary domestic animals, such as the common barn 
fowl, domestic ox, horsey sheep, goat, and pig are un- 
represented. We have also to note the absence of the 
mammoth and all the other extinct or emigrated mammalia 
of the Paleolithic period, including the reindeer, bison, elk 
(Cervus alces), musk ox, and hare. Of special interest 
among the birds are the great auk and capercailzie, neither 
of which is any longer an inhabitant of Denmark, nor 
even a casual visitor to it. The presence of the bones of 
migratory birds, such as the wild swan, which visits 
Denmark only from November till March, shows that the 
Kjoékkenméddings were inhabited all the year. 
Except ashes, charcoal of a species of pine, and charred 
remains of some kind of sea-plant, no products of the 
vegetable kingdom were found in any of the Kjokkenméd- 
dings. The association of pine-charcoal with the bones of 
the capercailzie in a kitchen-midden—a bird which feeds 
chiefly on the buds of the pine—suggests that the people 
who left these remains behind them were contemporary 
with the pine forests, which, on other substantial archzo- 
logical evidence, are shown by Danish antiquaries to have 
flourished in their country in early Neolithic times. 
Among Professor Steenstrup’s many valuable deductions 
derived from the organic remains, perhaps the most interest- 
ing are those which he founds on the condition of the 
osseous remains. Thus, all the long bones and those that 
contained marrow, belonging to the stag, roe, and pig, were 
systematically broken for their marrow. That they were 
so treated by the hand of man was proved by the frequent 
detection of the conchoidal indentations left on the spot 
where the blow had been struck. On the other hand, the 
long bones of birds, the shafts of which alone were found 
in the débris, were not at all broken—a fact which he 
attributed to their not containing marrow. Again, all the 
bones, whether broken or not, had their cartilaginous 
portions more or less gnawed by some kind of carnivorous 
animal, whose teeth-marks, in many instances, were still 
visible. Professor Steenstrup was so much struck at the 
uniformity with which the identical parts of the same bones 
