PREHISTORIC KITCHEN-MIDDENS. 131 
mass was from 3 to 5 feet; and it was in it, dispersed 
apparently throughout its contents regardless of depth, that 
all the relics were found. Beneath this, again, was a natural 
bed of fine yellowish clay, very adhesive and homogeneous, 
recognised by all to be the virgin soil prior to the deposition 
of the relic-bed. 
The relics consist of a large assortment of objects made of 
clay or stone, a few animal bones, and some charred grain 
and seeds. 
Clay Objects——The articles manufactured of clay comprise 
a series of remarkable rude human figurines or idols (one 
only being of quadrupedal form); large quantities of dishes, 
whole or broken ; weights, spindle-whorls, etc. 
Stone Objects——The assortment of objects indicating 
human industry manufactured of stone is large and varied, 
comprising knife-flakes, saws, scrapers, borers, lance- and 
spear-heads, arrow-points, polished axes and _ chisels, 
perforated hammers, chipping tools, whetstones, polishers, 
etc. The material out of which the majority of the arrow- 
points are made is jasper, next in order being flint, quartz, 
and clay-slate. None of the polished stone implements are 
of flint; and only two entire perforated hammers, among 
twenty-five broken ones, and not a single core, have hitherto 
been found. 
Organic Remains——The remains of animals were in a 
state of great decay, but among them those of the following 
animals were recognised :—ox (bos taurus, B. brachyceros, and 
B. primegenius), pig, roe, stag, and sheep. 
The vegetable remains disclosed the following :—wheat, 
barley, lentil, brome-grass, knot-grass, crab-apple, hazel-nut, 
silver-fir. 
IJL.—TuHe TERREMARE OF ITALY. 
Shortly after the middle of last century, certain artificial 
deposits of an earthy substance found scattered over the 
provinces of Parma, Reggio, and Modena, in the shape of 
large flattish mounds, became known to agriculturists as 
possessing great fertilising power—a property which hence- 
forth was turned to advantage by using their contents as 
