134 DR ROBERT MUNRO ON 
implements, ete. The amount of foundry material, such as 
bronze slag, stone moulds, etc., shows that they were 
workers in bronze. They had an extensive knowledge of 
the ceramic art, and the vessels in daily use—jugs, teapots, 
cups, bowls, basins, saucers, vases, etc.—were varied and 
elegant. Their chief food was derived from agriculture, 
pastoral farming, and hunting. For further details of 
these interesting remains, I must refer you to The Lake- 
dwellings of Europe, pp. 238-276. 
IV.—TuE TrEerp-Mounps or HOLuanp. 
Before the construction of the great sea-dykes in 
Holland, nearly the whole of West Friesland would have 
been in that hybrid condition described by Pliny, in which 
it was difficult to say whether it belonged to sea or land 
(dubiumque terre sit, an pars maris). “Here,” says this 
writer, “a wretched race is found, inhabiting either the 
more elevated spots of land, or else eminences artificially 
constructed, and of a height to which they know by 
experience that the highest tides will never reach. Here 
they pitch their cabins; and when the waves cover the 
surrounding country far and wide, like so many mariners 
on board ship are they,” etc. At the present time this 
region is richly cultivated, and looks as if it were a dead 
level, and it is only on close inspection that certain eleva- 
tions of considerable extent, called Terpen, scattered 
irregularly over the country, can be detected. It is on 
such elevations that villages and churches are generally 
built, and, till they accidentally attracted the attention of 
agriculturists within recent years, nobody seemed to have 
thought anything about their origin. They are now proved 
to have been originally constructed as pile-dwellings, pre- 
cisely similar to the Terremare, and some of them are 
probably the actual mounds seen and described by Pliny. 
They might therefore be more appropriately designated as 
marine-dwellings. Modern investigations have shown that 
the modus operandi in their structure was to raise a 
circular mound of mud during ebb-tide. When this ring 
