"J "5 A 



SPOROPHYLLS OF PINALES 



scopic, curving away from each other when the sporangia are 

 ripe, thus permitting the opening of the sporangia and the grad- 

 ual distrihution of the spores by the wind and closing when mois- 

 tened to protect the spores against wetting. In some of the gen- 

 era the outer coat of the microspore is lifted away from the 

 inner coat in such a way as to form two sac-like outgrowths 

 which renders them more buoyant and adapted to distribution of 

 the wind (Fig. 254). The microspores are produced in such 

 enormous numbers that the ground in the vicinity of the ever- 

 green forests is often covered with the yellow spores, the so- 

 called " sulphur snow." This extravagant formation of micro- 

 spores is a necessity owing to the small chance of any one of the 

 microspores being carried to the megasporophylls and so ensur- 

 ing fertilization. Were it not for the fact that the microspores 

 need be carried only comparatively short distances, this order 



Fig. 252. Strohili of megasporophylls: 1, a branch that has developed 

 in the spring from a bud. The fascicles of leaves are just emerging from 

 their papery bracts and at the right is shown a stmbilns, st, consisting of 

 minute spine-tipped scales. 2, growth of Strobilus shown in 1. twelve 

 months later. 3. appearance of strobilus shown in 2, -~ix months later. — 

 H. O. Hanson. 



