ago1-1902.] Geological History of the Coast of Fife. 373 
years. The limestone, all counted, is about ten feet in thickness 
here. With the advent of the conditions under which No. 1 
Limestone was formed, the hill so often referred to as now 
represented by the Howe of Fife became submerged. 
The Bone Bed overlying No. 1 Limestone seems to point to 
a recurrence of catastrophic conditions; while the succeeding 
basalt lava may, possibly, suggest a temporary return to 
shallower water conditions. I think that most periods of 
subsidence include also local and temporary upheavals—the 
subsidence being the net result of the whole. On the top of 
the basalt lava first mentioned is a thin red band, reminding 
one, so far as superficial aspect goes, of a laterite, or old soil 
which has been “burnt” by contact with an overlying lava. 
The latter is there; but it is open to question whether the red 
bed in question is an old soil or not. At anyrate, overlying 
the upper basalt lava of Hoch-ma-toch comes more estuarine 
shale, with a band of red volcanic mud near its base, and 
graduating upward into grey clay, which in turn passes up 
into a second limestone of marine origin, which forms long 
reefs close to the shore. This we shall call No. 2 Limestone. 
The shale just mentioned as occurring between the lime- 
stone and the underlying lava flow contains many species 
of marine invertebrata. I have collected from it the follow- 
ing: Lithostrotion junceum, two species of coral not deter- 
mined, Discina nitida, Lingula squamiformis, Spirifera 
trigonalis, Streptorhynchus crenistria, Orthis michelini, Athyris 
ambigua, Rhynchonella pugnus, Productus longispinus, Productus 
semireticulatus (P. giganteus occurs in the limestone below), 
Nucula tumida, N. attenuata, Leptodomus sp., Pteronites per- 
sulcatus, Anthracoptera sp., Aviculopecten sowerbyi (which is 
common), two or three species of Polyzoa, Loxonema, two 
species, Bellerophon ureit, Huomphalus carbonarius, Macrochetlus 
sp., Waticopsis plicistria, and two species of Orthoceras. En- 
crinite stems are common, the most abundant being Poterio- 
erinus crassus, but two others are met with. I have given 
the list (which will probably have to be extended), because 
the bed in which the fossils occur is one frequently visited 
by collectors. 
The second limestone just mentioned can be traced for 
about a third of a mile northward along the coast. It is 
