62 



MARINE I'.WNA OF ST. VNDK1 \VS. 



(Octopus) between tide-marks are noteworthy ; while in the 

 surrounding water are the rare prizes Triton nodifer, T. 

 cutaceus, Cardium papillosum, Argiope decollata, and other 

 forms which, with the foregoing, are thrown in such pro- 

 fusion on the shell-beach at Herm — e. g. Calyptraa chirn nsis, 

 Trochus Montacuti, and Murex acieula&us. The fine Pinna 

 rudis, though it has been found by Dr. Ilowden off Montrose, 

 is also entirely absent at St. Andrews. Neither do we find 

 the swarms of Trochus helicinus and '/'. <jr<t idoin/t'ciis, Tri- 

 chotropis borealis, and their allies amongst the tangle- 

 roots, as in Shetland, nor the Terebratuke, Lyonsia T Lepeta. 

 Puncturella, Trochus amabilis, the Jeffireysice, ColwmbeUa ha- 

 h'eee/i, /'/. urotoma nivalis, I', carinaia, Scaphander librarius, 

 Philine angulata and /'. nitida, Rossia papiUifera, the Olios, 

 and the half hunched new British forms discovered by Dr. 

 ( S-wyn Jeffreys in his frequent cruises in the surrounding 

 waters. The great beds, also, of Mytilus modiolus (called 

 "yoags"), which occur in from 3 to 15 fathoms uear the shore 

 in many parts of the Zetlandic seas, present an interest inn 

 contrast. It is this mussel (esteemed but a coarse bait at St. 

 Andrews) which is extensively employed by the Shetlanders ; 

 and in its collection many rare invertebrates are found amongst 

 the roots of the tangles and stones, which with the mussels 

 form huge muddy masses. The old 

 ten-toothed " dreg "noticed by the 

 accomplished Prof. Edward Forbes 

 is still the chief instrument in pro- 

 euring the shell-fish, and is much 

 more serviceable to the zoologist on 

 such ground than the dredge. In 

 the figure given by the facile pencil 

 of the gnat naturalist the rope is 

 attached to the eye of the dreg; 

 but in modern times the fishermen 

 more correctly attach it to the head 

 of the instrument (after the manner 

 of the ordinary dredge), and fix the 

 rope at the eye of the dreg by a 

 piece of spun yarn ; so that if the dreg gets entangled the 



