108 THE ROMAN WALL. 



could no longer find means to resist, abandoned Britain, one of 

 the richest provinces of the empire, and the wall ceased to be a 

 Roman fortification. Indeed the wall was known for centuries as 

 Graham's dyke — not, however, from the exploits on it of a hero 

 of that name, but probably, as Celtic scholars claim, as a corrup- 

 tion of the Celtic words greim diog — the strong entrenchment. 



As regards the remains of the wall at Cadder little can be said. 

 George Chalmers thinks that the name — anciently Cader — is the 

 Celtic cader, a fortress, derived either from the wall itself or from 

 a fort a short distance from the church. Stuart, in his Caledonia 

 Romano, (p. 315), says: — "The course of the wall issued, accord- 

 ing to Roy, from the plantations of Cadder, near a curious 

 artificial tumulus supposed to have been the site of a Roman 

 castellum or watch-tower. This tumulus stands at a short 

 distance from the parish church, and is still uninjured. It seems 

 to have been of a rectangular shape, flat on the top and sur- 

 rounded by a ditch. The spot it occupies is 3600 yards distant 

 from Bemulie; and it is by no means improbable that one of the 

 prsetenturse had been situated here, with which the above tumulus 

 was perhaps connected as an exploratory mount. Horsley 

 suggests that a regular station may have stood near the site of the 

 present church; or, as Roy supposes, its position was probably a 

 little further to the north, on a gentle acclivity now occupied by a 

 few cottages and gardens. . . . When Gordon visited this 

 neighbourhood the remains of the causeway were very distinct — 

 proceeding from Bemulie fort to the church of Cadder at the 

 distance of twenty-seven paces from the wall. From Cadder the 

 line was continued along the gentle acclivities which overlook the 

 plain of the Kelvin, making several turns to reach the highest 

 ground until it reached Kirkintilloch, 4450 yards distant." Dr. 

 John Buchanan, in a paper to the Society of Antiquaries, describes 

 discoveries made a few years prior to 1853 in rebuilding Cadder 

 manse. The workmen there came upon a Roman causeway 

 running right across the garden from east to west. He says : — " I 

 observed it was composed of water-worn stones evidently gathered 

 from the surface of the ground or from a neighbouring streamlet. 

 Two or three parallel rows of larger stones ran along the edges, 

 and the heart of the causeway was filled with a smaller class most 

 completely rammed home, and requiring some force for their 



