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streams which have not yet come near to their base line ot 

 erosion. Gorges throngh moraine stntl', often accompanied by 

 waterfalls where, Tty the blocking of pre-glacial valleys, streams 

 have been forced into new channels and have cnt into the solid 

 rock, are common in North-East Yorkshire. 



On the other "hand mnd and sand and other materials would 

 wa-sh into these glacial pools, and help to fill them w[>. Life 

 would cume to them in the form of animals and plants, both of 

 which would tend to obliterate them. I have bored some thirty 

 feet through fresh water shells in a filled-up pool in the Kildale 

 moraine ; while at Stanley Grange, near Great Ayton, Mr. E. H. 

 AVynne-Finch pointed out to me a locality where a shalloAv pool 

 of considerable size had been filled in principally lij' iron-pan, 

 which is dependent for its formation upon the existence of 

 vegetation. Some, again, are filled in by peat, and the overflow- 

 channels of the glacier-lakes, especially near their watersheds 

 where stream action could not operate to cleanse them, are 

 usually filled up to a considerable extent I)}- vegetable matter, as 

 for example at Randay-jNIere, and at West Bank near Kildale. 



And so we come to Cleveland as it exists to-day — our soils 

 enriched by burdens of earth, brought hitherward packed in ice, 

 as we now bring New Zealand mutton— our fields seeming to 

 grow pebbles, which really grew in the distant past in the far 

 away Cheviots or on the hills round Derwentwater. 



As we stand on the moor-edge, and look down upon 

 "Cleveland in the clay" in the time of harvest, and survey the 

 flattened and yet undulated expanse with its chequered pattern 

 of green and yellow and red-brown fields marked off by leaf}' 

 hedgerows, and see in the dusky distance the foam-crested waves 

 lashing themselves upon the shore, and beyond that again the 

 green-grey sea melting on the horizon into the sky of ethereal 

 blue, the scene is indeed a fair one ; but how much fuller of 

 interest and of highest teaching is it for us when we can, though 

 it be but dimlj' and uncertainly as yet, read into the vision of 

 peaceful beauty which lies before us the history of all its past, 

 and speculate on sound intelligent principles as to its future. 



If any reader of this Paper shall be helped by it to look upon 

 Cleveland with greater interest and fuller appreciation than 

 before it will not have been written in vain 



