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that in the twists of Kildale Beck, and in the undercliff position 

 of Easby Beck, we have very important evidence tending to a 

 solution of niy friend's problem, which by the way, I had tried 

 to solve before he put it to me. If the Teesdale ice blocking 

 the Ingleby end of Eskdale, retreated first, the water of the Esk- 

 dale lake would flow out at the Ingleby end cutting a channel 

 under Easby Castle Hill ; cutting also a channel in the same 

 direction for the upper part of the Kildale Beck. Therefore, at 

 the end of that mighty warfare of ice-masses which was fought 

 out in the region of the Tees mouth and the Cleveland Coast in 

 the days of long ago, the big mass although further from home, 

 gained the final victory. This ancient history is repeating itself 

 now in South Africa. 



It is difficult for us to picture to ourselves the state of the land 

 surface as it existed around Easby when the war of the ice- 

 masses was over, and the glaciers had gradually retreated towards 

 the Scandinavian Peninsula, and the Scotch and Lake Country 

 Mountains. The Ingleby corner proved a veritable cul-de-sac 

 for the Teesdale ice-streams especially. How did we get the wide 

 embayment running up into Botton, so different from the valleys 

 of natural denudation such as we find them where atmospheric 

 forces had the same rocks to deal with in Bilsdale, Bransdale, 

 and Farndale ? In my judgment the present form of the Ingleby 

 Valley is largely due to causes which operated during the glacial 

 epoch. The ice came into our corner and found itself opposed 

 by the barrier of the hills. It knew not where to turn, and as 

 it twisted this way and that way, its mighty and aiding force was 

 exerted upon the rock, much of it of a soft character, which 

 formed the lower portion of the hill-slopes. Then again when 

 the ice-age was coming to an end, and the glaciers to leave our 

 locality, there would be I think a mighty swirl of waters derived 

 partly from the melting ice sweeping round between the hills 

 and the still remaining ice, washing away the rock fragments 

 rubbed off by the ice, and having removed the " scree " eating 

 into the solid rock and removing that too, until the superincum- 

 bent rock, weakened and undermined, fell with a plashy thud, 

 into the mordent waters, which still swirled on, reducing all solid 

 matter into the form of sand and gravel, and the slips and the 

 sand-beds are there until this day. Of course, it is not likely 

 that the ice took a sudden departure like that of a man who has 

 robbed a bank. I have just been explaining how it hod robbed 

 the Ingleby bank, but for all that I think the leave-taking was 

 more like that of a lover saying farewell to his sweetheart, with 

 sundry returnings before he gets fairly on his homeward road. 



