28 



think it is equally easy to trace the Tees through the Kildale Gap 

 to the sea near Whitby. When the land had been reduced to the 

 condition of a " peneplain," or more or less level track represented 

 to some extent approximately by the tops of our moors, the 

 Cleveland district was raised about the beginning of the Miocene 

 time — the axis of the principal uplift running from Ingleby to 

 Robin Hood's Bay. Then the streams received new force, due to 

 deeper gradients, and the Esk has gone on ever since deepening 

 the valley originally formed by the Tees. 



I have said that when the ice finally retreated from Cleveland 

 the surface of the ground would be sprinkled with many ponds. 

 Nature would set to work to get rid of these — she would do this 

 by two principal processes. On the one hand the rains would 

 often fill some ponds to overflowing, and at the point of overflow 

 a channel would be cut. This would in many cases deepen until 

 the pond had been permanently drained off. On the other hand 

 the ponds, especially those without a permanent outlet, would 

 tend to become filled up by the solid matter carried into them by 

 rain-wash. Even where there was little overflow of inorganic 

 matter, Nature's efforts at obliteration would be helped forward by 

 organic agencies. For example, pond snails would live and 

 multiply in many of these ponds, and their dead shells would 

 gradually accumulate at the bottom until they might form a very 

 considerable thickness. Mosses and other plants too, might in 

 course of time, form a great thickness of a peaty deposit. I have 

 recently, with the kind help of Mr. P. Huntington, put down a 

 series of borings into the matter filling up one of these old ponds 

 at Kildale, and I found that near the centre of the pond, the 

 peat and shell deposits were more than twenty feet in thickness. 

 The Eailway cutting near Kildale Station has been cut through 

 this dead pond, and recently Ave put down a boring to a depth of 

 thirty feet below the point reached by the cutting, or something 

 like forty feet below the original surface at that point. At that 

 depth we had got through the peat and the shells, but we did not 

 meet with any obstruction, and were apparently in a deposit of 

 sandy blue clay washed into the pond in the early stages of it's 

 post-glacial existence. When the Eailway was made, remains of 

 the Red Deer and the Reindeer were found near the surface at 

 the junction of the peat and marl. 



These I understand, were taken away by the contractor, and I 

 have been unable to trace them. As I have a paper in prepar- 

 ation on this deposit for one of the learned Societies, I should 

 be obliged to any reader of this note who could and would help 



