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me in the quest. A member of the Geological Survey some 

 years ago published an account of the deposit, but it is very 

 imperfect and misleading. For example, most of the shells 

 which he records as being found in it are the shells of the land- 

 snails occuring on the surface ! Some time ago I examined care- 

 fully a sample which I had obtained with equal care. From this 

 I obtained 1,346 shells of pond-snails belonging to a half-a- 

 dozen species, but not a single specimen of land-snail. Alto- 

 gether I obtained 2,094 organisms from my samples. I have 

 referred to the circumstance that some of the old glacial ponds 

 were filled up with peat, with shelly marl and with soil washed 

 into them. Some were to some extent filled up with iron. Mr. 

 E. H. Wynne-Finch some months ago took me over to inspect 

 certain deposits occuring on his property at Stanley Grange. 



These deposits had been laid down in shallow marshy post- 

 glacial ponds in which much vegetable matter had been present. 

 Iron, the universal pigment of nature, is present almost every- 

 where. 



In marshy flats, where the organic acids are freely supplied 

 by rotting vegetation the salts of iron are dissolved, and exposure 

 to the air leads to their oxydation, and the iron is thrown down 

 in the form of ferric oxide, which we more commonly call 

 "rust." This becomes mixed with other substances and forms 

 " bog iron ore." But according to Ehrenberg, the formation of 

 bog-ore is due, not merely to the chemical actions arising from 

 the decay of organic matter, but to a power possessed by diatoms 

 of separating iron from water and depositing it within their 

 silicious framework. There is quite a thick deposit of bog-iron- 

 ore at Stanley Grange, and in an adjoining field the deposit 

 forms a hard thin iron-pan about half an-inch thick below the 

 present surface; forming an obstruction to the natural drainage 

 of the land. 



It is quite time we were getting into the human period of 

 history, though it is perhaps the least interesting. In these 

 scrappy notes we cannot pretend to give even a bare outline of the 

 early history of the neighbourhood. For more information, I 

 would refer readers to a paper which I am pledged to write in the 

 course of the next day or two for publication in the "Proceedings 

 of the Cleveland Field Club," on " The Evolution of Cleveland 

 Scenery." One of these days it is possible I may write a little 

 volume on the Geology of Cleveland, but there are several 

 investigations to be made first. There is buried knowledge 

 around us on every side only needing disinterment by the capable 



