50 



L 



The origin of this bed of gravel is not far to seek. According 

 to Mr. P. F. Kendall, Gribdalegate has been formed during the 

 Ice Ag9, by an overflow of water from the Ayton side of the 

 hills into Lonsdale, caused by a pounding back of the drainage of 

 the small streams that flow into the Leven by the ice.* Hence 

 a considerable quantity of detritus produced by the erosion of 

 the gap would be carried into Lonsdale and laid down under the 

 static waters of Lake Eskdale, of which Lake Lonsdale would 

 form a branch. Gribdalegate has been cut in sandstone and 

 Upper Lias shale ; hence the preponderance of those materials 

 in the gravel bed. At the same time the boulder of Shap 

 Granite would be carried into the dale from the ice front together 

 with the vein quartz pebbles and a small piece of Carboniferous 

 Limestone which I found in a field near the gravel bed. These 

 three erratics are very characteristic of the Stainmoor Teesdale 

 glacier. 



I think, therefore, that this gravel deposit proves in a conclu- 

 sive manner that Gribdalegate is a deserted glacier lake overflow 

 as suggested by Mr. Kendall. Another fact in favour of this 

 conclusion not mentioned by Mr. Kendall is that the level at 

 which Gribdalegate commenced to be formed is the lowest point 

 in the escarpment between Newton Moor and Easby Moor ; and 

 consequently the impounded waters would overflow at this lowest 

 point into Lonsdale. 



* Q./G. S., Vol. 58, p. 515. 



CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1903. 

 By T. Ashton Lofthouse, F. E. S. 



♦Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time. 



On the whole the weather prevailing during the season was 

 very unfavourable for insect life, in fact, the conditions were 

 little, if any, more favourable than that prevailing in 1902, 

 which was one of the worst (if not the very worst) season I have 

 ever experienced, for the study of insect life. 



Owing to the high and cold winds prevailing in the early part 

 of the year, the sallow bloom (which is one of the early attrac- 

 tions to moths) was out and over in a very short time and proved 

 of no use for collecting purposes. 



