166 



Beetles. 



Quedius iuligidiis. As far north as Discovery Bay, and 

 extends over Greenland and the whole of North 

 America and Europe as far south as the Atlantic 

 Islands (Fowler). 



Creophilus maxillosus. Common throughout the king- 

 dom. Greenland (Fowler). 



Otiorrhynchus maurus. Local. Greenland and Iceland 

 (Fowler). 



Bradycellus cognatus. Local : on heaths and moun- 

 tains in high districts but occasionally found in 

 lowlands. Greenland (Fowler). 



The present enquiry reveals very clearly the extraordinary 

 adaptability of certain species of insects, the same kind often 

 ranging from a warm to an Arctic climate. As I have else- 

 where pointed out the approach of the Ice Age would be 

 gradual, and joining this fact with the great adaptability 

 of insects we may infer that numerous other species survived 

 the Ice Age on the driftless area of Cleveland. 



The course of events, therefore, in the Quaternary history 

 of our fauna seems to have been a pre-glacial fauna si milar 

 to the present but containing more species ; then, the Ice 

 Age with extinction of most forms except those that survived 

 on the driftless area ; and finally, a re-advance of the 

 temperate and southern forms with commingling of northern 

 species after the retreat of the ice. Hence the fauna of 

 Cleveland must consist of diverse elements, viz. : — 



1. — Pre-glacial survivals. 



2. — Northern forms, coming with the Ice Age. 



3. — Temperate and southern forms, coming into the 

 district after the Ice Age. 



Generally speaking, the land fauna of Cleveland belongs 

 to that typical of England — the " Continental or Germanic " 

 type — with a faint mixture of Arctic forms on the hills : and 

 a still fainter Gallic facies represented by Mutilla enropaa. 



