8 Psyche [February 



All these considerations point to the conclusion that in such very 

 ancient and extremely specialized organisms as insects, sex and 

 caste peculiarities have been impressed on the organization of the 

 very young egg and are not determined by fertilization or by the 

 incidence of trophic stimuli during larval development. I was, 

 therefore, led in my first paper on the ant gynandromorph to 

 postulate its origin from a pair of fused oocytes. The difference 

 between the various types of gynandromorphs — lateral, frontal, 

 mosaic, blended, etc. — was supposed to be due to the differences 

 in the two kinds of ova, the plane of their fusion, regulatory ten- 

 dencies that would avoid reduplication of organs, and differences 

 in growth in the component ova or their parts to account for such 

 cases of imperfect lateral gynandromorphs, as e. g. that of the 

 Camponotus alhocinctus described above, in which the male is so 

 much smaller than the soldier component. My views have been 

 treated as rankly heretical by Boveri^ and his pupil, Fraulein Elsa 

 Mehling,^ but Cockayne,^ who has recently made a comprehensive 

 study of Lepidopteran gynandromorphs, while pointing to certain 

 defects in my hypothesis, remarks that "it explains better than 

 any other how in heterochroic gjTiandromorphs the areas occupied 

 by the two colors and two sexes are identical. "He also mentions 

 with approval the fact that "Doncaster has recently suggested 

 that a gynandromorph is produced by the fertilization of each of 

 the nuclei of a binucleate ovum by a separate spermatozoon. 

 He has proved the existence of these binucleate ova and has actu- 

 ally proved the conjugation of a separate spermatozoon with each 

 and seen the resultant mitoses." I should, of course, regard 

 such a binucleate ovum as the first result of the fusion of two ov'a. 

 The hypothesis of Boveri and Fraulein Mehling, according to 

 which the gynandromorph arises from an egg in which one of the 

 two first cleavage nuclei unites with a sperm, is disproved, ac- 

 cording to Cockayne "by the existence [in certain Lepodoptera] 

 of perfect halved gynandromorphous hybrids both sides of which 

 show equal admixture of the characters of both parents." ]Mor- 

 gan has more recently endeavored to account for gynandromorphs 



I Ueber die Entstehung der Eugsterschen Zwitterbienen Arch. Entwiekl. Mech. Org. 41, 

 1915, pp. 264-311, 2 pis. 



• Ueber die Gynandromorphen Bienen des Eugsterschen Stockes. Verhandl. phys. med. 

 Ges. Wurzburg 43, 1915, pp. 173-236, 8 pts. 



* " Gynandromorphism" and Kindred Problems. Journ. Genet. 5, 1916, pp. 75-129, 5 pts. 



