90 THE FLOWERING PLANT. 
so close in ground-ivy and some other related forms. The triple 
nature of the lower lip is more readily seen. It is chiefly 
made up of a large central lobe, corresponding to the free part 
of the anterior petal, while a small pointed tooth on either side 
of this indicates the existence of another petal. In ground-ivy 
the lower lip is three-lobed, and though the middle one is largest, 
yet there is not the same disproportion as in the other case. 
A labiate corolla is said to be helmet-shaped (galeate) when the 
upper lip forms a curved hood covering the stamens, &ec., as 
in the white dead nettle, and it is termed gaping (ringent) when, 
as in the same instance, the throat is freely open. The upper lip 
may be very much reduced in size, as in blue lobelia, bugle, and 
wood-sage. Examination of the irregularly bell-shaped corolla 
of foxglove will show that here too is an instance of the lipped 
condition. The upper lip is broad, and its double nature is 
indicated by a slight notch. The lower lip is composed of three 
lobes well marked off from one another. Two of these are 
lateral, while the third and largest one projects somewhat, is 
spotted, and covered inside with soft, rather long hairs. A 
remarkable modification of the labiate corolla is found in snap- 
dragon. The larger upper lip is deeply cleft, and obviously 
VAN represents two petals, while the lower lip pos- 
b y ¥ (\ sesses three lobes, of which the middle one is 
smallest, just the opposite to the preceding 
cases. But this is not all. Projecting from the 
upper side of the lower lip is a large, differently 
£ coloured outgrowth, the palate, which blocks up 
the throat. Such a corolla is masked (personate). 
| It may be noted in addition that the tube is 
saccate near its attachment, at a part which 
\ 7 belongs to the posterior petal. The wild yellow 
: \\\/.¢ toad-flax agrees generally with the above descrip- 
' tion, but the posterior petal, instead of being 
saccate, is produced into a long pointed spur. 
In all the preceding cases one lip has been com- 
posed of three, the other of two lobes. Other 
groupings are known of the same number of 
petals. Thus, in honeysuckle there is a narrow 
Hig. 44 — Ligulate tube, a large four-lobed upper lip and a narrow 
oret. o. inferior : 
ovary; c. rudimen- One-lobed lower lip. All the lobes are reflexed. 
beet Us tdian, Lhe strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla is not very 
thers ; s. style with removed from the labiate one, ¢.9., wood-sage, 
we ae with a reduced upper lip. Take, for example, 
the cultivated scarlet lobelia. The narrow tube here terminates 
in a deeply five-lobed limb. The corolla, in fact, looks as if 
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