ESSENTIAL FLORAL LEAVES. 103 
five petals, and ten stamens, we may consider this odd carpel 
as the remains of an outer whorl of five (cf. p. 82). The four 
suppressed members of this whorl must all have been on the 
upper side of the one still remaining, for we see from the 
columbine that the ventral sutures of a whorl are all turned 
towards one another. Hence the odd carpel of pea is the sur- 
viving lower or anterior member of a whorl of five. We can 
show in another way that the supposed whorl would have had 
its odd member placed anteriorly. ‘The parts of the flower in 
the pea are placed in fives. It can easily be seen that sepals 
and petals alternate, and the same is true of the two whorls 
of stamens, though this is difficult to make out in the mature 
flower, owing to their diadelphous state. We can observe easily 
at starting that the odd sepal is anterior. Therefore— 
5 sepals — odd one anterior. 
5 petals posterior. 
5 outer stamens — anterior. 
5 inner stamens —. posterior. 
[5] outer carpels anterior. 
Where, as in larkspur, &c., an apocarpous pistil possesses more 
than one carpel, each has its own ovary, style, and stigma. 
Examine once more the buttercup, and note that the style isa 
short “beak,” upon which the stigma exists as a rough sticky 
line. The ovary contains but one ovule (fig. 30, D). 
Rose, blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry are further ex- 
amples of apocarpous pistils composed of several or many carpels. 
Each carpel contains a single ovule. The flower of rose (fig. 40) 
is perigynous, and the carpels are attached to the inner side of 
the fleshy cup-like receptacle. In strawberry the style is not at 
the end of the carpel, but attached to the ventral margin of the 
ovary. It is, therefore, termed ventral. This can readily be 
seen in any one of the brown ‘‘seeds” (really fruits) scattered 
over a ripe strawberry. 
The syncarpous pistil (cf p. 100) consists of a complete or 
reduced whorl of carpels more or less completely united into one. 
The least constant part of such a pistil is the style. When it is 
absent, the stigma is sessile on the ovary. This is the case, for 
instance, in poppy, where the stigma is represented by a number 
of roughened lines radiating from the centre. When more than 
one style is present, each has its own stigma (fig. 50). Styles 
generally grow from the apex of the ovary, but they may be 
lateral or basal, t.e., arising respectively from the side or base 
of the ovary. Their length varies considerably in different forms. 
In shape the style is typically cylindrical. It is frequently bent 
