SEEDS AND FRUITS. 139 
hard and thick, forming the wall of the stone, 
seed-coat thin (the seed is the “ kernel”). Ez. 
Cherry, plum, peach, &c. 
b. Berry, usually many-seeded, unilocular, epicarp 
tough, mesocarp and endocarp succulent, sur- 
rounding the seeds, which have firm coats. 
(a.) Superior. x. Grape, date (with one 
seed and a papery endocarp). 
(6.) Inferior. x, Gooseberry, currant, cu- 
cum ber. 
c. Hesperidium.—Allied to (b.) Many carpels, loculi, 
and seeds, superior ; epicarp and mesocarp form- 
ing a rind or peel; endocarp a thin membrane, 
from which numerous succulent hair structures 
have grown out, forming a pulp by which 
the loculi are filled and the seeds surrounded, 
Ex. The term is restricted to the fruit of 
orange, lemon, and closely allied forms. 
2. Dehiscent.—Pericarp bursts and liberates the seeds. 
a. Succulent Capsule.—The pericarp splits into valves 
and sets free the seeds. Hx. Horse-chestnut, 
where the prickly green husk is pericarp (it 
must not be confused with the similar structure 
found in beech and sweet chestnut, p. 135). 
b. Dehiscent Drupe.—Epicarp and mesocarp fleshy, 
bursting to liberate the seed, still enclosed in 
the hard endocarp. x. Walnut, the shell of 
which is endocarp. (NV.B.—The shell of hazel- 
nut is pericarp. Walnuts are pickled when the 
entire pericarp is present, and before the endo 
carp has hardened.) 
c. Dehiscent Berry.— Resembles berry, but firm outer 
layer of pericarp bursts to liberate seeds. x. 
Yellow water-lily. 
When an apocarpous pistil consists of more than one carpel, 
each of these ripens into a simple fruit, and the ripe carpels taken 
together form an aggregate fruit. Thus, in buttercup there is such 
a fruit made up of achenes, and so on. In some an aggregate 
fruit appears to be a simple one, as in raspberry and blackberry. 
These are collections of minute drupes, drupels as they may be 
termed. 
