160 APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WORK. 
herbaceous stem proves nothing. A rhizome (p. 26) belongs to a peren- 
nial. A dilated succulent tap-root generally indicates a biennial. 
II. Roor.—If an underground structure possesses scale leaves, buds, 
or chlorophyll, it does not belong to the root at all, but to the stem. 
III. Stem.—See last paragraph. In the examination of corms and 
bulbs, note the appearances made by cutting through them in the 
middle ; (a.) from above downwards, (b.) across. The difference (p. 26) 
between the two kinds of structure will readily be seen, and buds can 
also be detected in the typical situations. As examples of bulb, take 
onion, lily, and hyacinth ; for corms, examine crocus, colchicum, and 
cyclamen (sold as “bulbs” by florists). 
IV. Foutace Lear :— 
1. Composition—Remember that stipules may fall off early (p. 64), 
and therefore do not put exstipulate unless young leaves are present. 
Say rather, “apparently exstipulate.” 
Note that there may be great variation in the foliage leaves of the 
same plant. 
2. Arrangement.—Satisfy yourself that so-called “radical” leaves 
really arise from a condensed lower part of the stem. ‘Take, for 
example, an entire daisy plant, and halve it with a knife. The crowded 
nodes can then be made out. No root possesses nodes and internodes, 
Remember that adventitious root-fibres are, as a rule, given off from all . 
underground structures. 
Arrangement 1n Bud.—Relative arrangement of leaves is seen by 
cutting across (footnote, p. 84). The arrangement of individual leaves 
(footnote, p. 49) is partly shown by the same method, partly by cutting 
through the bud longitudinally, and also by separating the individual 
leaves. The following are examples of the terms used for foliage 
leaves :—Imbricate, grasses and sedges; plaited, maple and currant ; 
conduplicate, bean and oak ; inflexed, tulip-tree ; convolute, cherry and 
apricot ; wvolute, violet and waterlily ; revolute, sorrel and rosemary ; 
curcinate, sundew and ferns. The remaining terms in the footnotes are 
used in the case of flower buds. Note if the young leaves are protected 
by down (p. 67). 
Phyllotaxis.—To determine the divergence (p. 50) take any leaf, call 
it 1, and mark it. Then find the next leaf which comes immediately 
above it, say the 9th. g—1=8, the number of leaves in the cycle, and 
denominator of the divergence fraction. Verify this by determining 
the number of ranks or longitudinal leaf-rows. This should be 8. 
Suppose also that it is necessary to go three times round the stem in 
passing from 1 tog. This gives the numerator of the fraction, which 
is therefore 3 (compare fig. 9). 
V. ScaLte Lear.—In the case of the bud, try to find the relation 
between the scales and young foliage leaves, and prove what region 
they represent (p. 64). Observe whether blastocolla is present. 
In the case of underground scale-leaves, observe whether thickened 
as storage organs. Look for axillary buds, ¢.g., in a potato. 
VI. INFLORESCENCE AND Bractrs.—Note the position of the youngest 
flowers. If these are at end (figs. 31 and 32) or in centre (e.g., daisy 
and carrot), the inflorescence is centripetal, indefinite, or racemose. If 
