APPENDIX ON PRACTICAL WORK. 163 
necessarily possess all the characters of the group to which it belongs. 
The balance of evidence must be taken. Classify by means of what 1s 
present 1n your specimen. 
FLOWERING PLANTS 
possess seeds, and, usually, conspicuous flowers. 
Sub-division I.—GYMNOSPERMS, 
Ovules not enclosed in an ovary, but situated either on the axis or on 
open carpels, Stamens scale-like, with pollen-sacs on their wnder side. 
Perianth almost always absent. Endosperm of seed formed before 
fertilization. 
Exs.—Yew, pine, fir, larch, cedar, araucaria, cypress, juniper. 
Sub-division IT.—ANGIOSPERMS. 
Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Stamens not scale-like. Perianth 
generally present. Endosperm formed after fertilization. 
Ciass I.--MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
Roots adventitious, the radicle of embryo being arrested in develop- 
ment. Stem with scattered closed vascular bundles. No well- 
marked distinction between pith, cortex, and medullary rays. 
No bark. Leaves frequently possess a sheath ; parallel-veined. 
Flower with parts in 3’s or a multiple of 3. Calyx and corolla 
generally much alike. Seed, embryo with one cotyledon ; endo- 
sperm generally abundant. 
Sub-class 1.—Nudiflore. 
Perianth o or scaly. Ovary superior. 
Series (1).—Spadiciflore. 
Flowers generally in a spike or spadix. 
Series (2).—Glumiflore. 
Flowers in heads or spikelets. Bracts scaly, and known as 
glumes. Perianth, when present, of scales or bristles. 
Sub-class 2.—Petaloidez. 
Flowers usually bisexual. Perianth always present, and generally 
brightly coloured. 
Series (1).—Hypogyne. 
Ovary superior. 
Series (2).—Hpigyne. 
Ovary inferior. 
Crass II.—DICOTYLEDONS. 
Root frequently a tap-root, ¢.e., with main axis formed by developed 
radicle of embryo. Stem, when young, with a circle of open 
vascular bundles, pith, medullary rays, and cortex ; when older, 
with annual rings of wood, formed by cambium ring, and separ- 
