EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
78. Explain the way in which insects 
are of use to flowers, and the means by 
which flowers attract them. (S.K.E.) 
79. Show how pollination is effected 
in any two of the following flowers :— 
Foxglove, white dead nettle, broom, 
violet, hazel, willow. (L.M.) 
80. What is meant by dichogamy ? 
Illustrate your answer by examples 
taken from the British flora. (S.K.A.) 
81. Describe the different kinds of 
flowers which exist in the genus Viola, 
and show for what purposes and in what 
manner they are adapted. (S.K.A.) 
82. Some English plants have one, 
others have two, and even three kinds 
of flowers. Explain how this is pos- 
sible. (S.K.E.) 
83. How do you explain the fact that 
while the leaves of most plants are 
green, their flowers are of some other 
colour? (S.K.E.) 
84. Explain briefly the biological 
177 
significance of (a.) brightly coloured 
and (0.) irregular flowers, as compared 
with (c.) inconspicuous and (d.) regu- 
lar flowers. Give examples. (L.I.) 
85. What is meant by an irregular 
flower? Give examples and explain 
in each case the advantage of the 
modification. (S8.K.E.) 
86. How do you account for the for- 
mation of ‘‘spurs” from floral organs? 
What is their use? Illustrate your 
answer by examples from native plants. 
(S.K.A.) 
87. In some plants the style is made 
the instrument of distributing the pol- 
len which it is not itself to use. Ex- 
plain and illustrate this statement by 
examples. (S8.K.A.) 
88. Describe the process of fertilisa- 
tion in any angiospermous phanero- 
gam, giving a full account of the 
structure of the ovule at the time of 
fertilisation. (S.K.A.) 
5. Seed and Fruit. 
89. Explain precisely in what points | 
of structure a seed differs from an 
ovule. (S.K.E.) 
go. What is the botanical meaning 
of the term ‘‘fruit’”? Describe the 
structure of a plum, a strawberry, a 
blackberry, and an apple. (S.K.E.) 
gt. From what parts of the flower 
may the fruit be developed. Describe 
an achene, a follicle, and a nut, giving 
examples. (S.K.E.) 
92. Describe a broad bean or pea, 
or any other large seed, and the parts 
of which it is composed. Describe also 
the changes which take place when a 
bean issown and germinates. (S K.E.) 
93. Describe aripe strawberry ; com- 
pare and contrast its structure with 
that of a fig. What is the use of the 
fleshy part? (L.M.) 
94. Explain the essential differences 
of structure in the fruits of the straw- 
berry and blackberry. (S.K.E.) 
95. Describe the structure of a plum 
and of an apple. What important 
organ enters into the one and not into | 
the other? (S.K.E.) 
96.f n what important respects does 
the fruit of a cruciferous plant (such 
as shepherd’s purse) differ from that 
of al eguminous plant (such as a pea)? 
How can the differences be accounted 
for? (S.K.E.) 
97. Describe the fruits of a butter- 
cup and of a pink. In what respects 
do they agree, and in what respects do 
they differ? (S.K.E.) 
98. What isa berry? What is the 
advantage to a plant to have this kind 
of fruit? (S.K.E.) 
99. Describe fully the structure of a 
grain of wheat, and explain the nature 
and function ofits several parts(S.K.A.) 
too. Describe and compare the seeds 
of the bean and of the wheat. (S.K.E.) 
tor. What is the structural differ- 
ence between a horse-chestnut and a 
sweet chestnut? (S.K.A.) 
102, Describe the various modes by 
which seeds are disseminated, and give 
illustrative examples. (S.K.A.) 
103. Give a detailed account of the 
germination of any one of the follow- 
ing:—A bean, a grain of wheat, an 
acorn, ora date. (L.M.) 
104. Why are some of our fruit 
| trees thorny in the wild state, but not 
when cultivated? (S.K.E.) 
105. Describe the germination of a 
pea and of a grain of wheat. (S8.K.E.) 
106. Give an account of the external 
conditions requisite for germination of 
a seed and growth of the embryo, and 
explain how these conditions operate. 
(L.I.) 
107. The seeds of mustard and cress 
will germinate on fiannel soaked with 
rain-water. Will they go on growing 
under these circumstances, and if not, 
why not? (S.K.E.) 
