178 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
6. Classification. 
108. Describe the male flower of any | 
Conifer you please, and state the struc- | 
tural differences which distinguish the 
flower of gymnosperms from that of 
other phanerogams. (S.K.A.) 
tog. Give the essential characters of 
Orchideze. (S8.K.A.) 
110. Contrast the character of grasses 
and Cyperacee. (S8.K.A.) 
111. Give a precise account of the 
structure of the flower of any Crucifer, 
and draw a diagram showing the 
arrangement of the different parts. 
(S. K.E.) 
112. Describe the typical structure 
of a stumen. State the peculiarities 
characteristic of those of a Crucifer, a 
Composite, a Labiate, and a Grass. 
(S.K.E.) 
113. Give the principal characters of 
Rosacee. (S8.K.E.) 
114. Draw a diagram showing the 
arrangement of the parts of the flower 
of a leguminous plant as seen in trans- 
verse section. Point out in what re- 
spects it differs from the arrangement 
typical of flowers generally. (S.K.E.) 
7. General, Comparative, and Miscellaneous. 
115. State what is meant by annual, 
biennial, and perennial plants, giving 
examples. (S.K.E.) 
116. Giveexamplesof different kinds 
of climbing plants, briefly describing 
the mode of climbing in each case. 
(S.K.E.) 
117. What are the chief differences 
between a root anda stem? (S.K.E.) 
118. Suppose a piece of the axis of 
some flowering plant were shown to 
you, what appearances would enable 
you to decide whether it was part of 
a root or of astem? (S.K.E.) 
119. Compare the structure of the 
root of any flowering plant with that 
of its stem. Mention and briefly de- 
scribe cases in which (a.) the stem and 
(b.) the root has become modified to 
serve as a depository of reserve mate- 
rials. (S.K.E.) 
120. Give a botanical description of 
the part, in each of the following plants, 
which is commonly used as food: the 
potato, the onion, the turnip, and the 
carrot. (S.K.E.) 
r21. What are tendrils? Of what 
organs may they be modifications? 
Give examples. (S.K.E.) 
122, Give examples of plants which 
climb by means of tendrils, and ex- 
plain how a tendril acts. (S.K.E.) 
123. Describe the structure of a liv- 
ing parenchymatous plant-cell. What 
chemical elements enter into the com- 
position (a.) of the cell-wail, (b.) of the 
protoplasm? (S8.K.E.) 
124. What is a “ growing-point”? 
What is the difference between the 
growing-points of stems and those of 
roots? (S.K.E.) 
125. State what are the general 
characteristics of the epidermal tis- 
sue of the sub-aérial parts of plants. 
(S.K. A.) 
126, What are fibro-vascular bundles? 
Of what are they formed? What pur- 
poses do they serve? (S.K.E.) 
127. What is a sieve-tube? What is 
its structure? What is its position in 
a dicotyledon? What is its probable 
function? (L.I.) 
128. What is meant by a vessel? 
How is it formed, and what is its use? 
(S.K.E.) 
129. What are the differences be- 
tween the vessels of the wood and 
those of the bast? (S8.K.E.) 
130. Why can a tree be transplanted 
more safely in the winter than in the 
summer? (S.K.E.) 
131. Why will a plant grown in a 
dwelling-room be less vigorous than 
one grown in the open air? (S8.K.E.) 
132. Write an account of the func- 
tions performed by the epidermal tis- 
sue. (L.I.) 
133. Why does heaping earth round 
celery cause the stalks to be white? 
(S.K.E.) 
134. What remarkable change do 
plants show when they are grown in 
the dark? (S.K.E.) 
135. When any vegetable material is 
burned, what constituents go off as 
gas? Whatareleft behind? (S.K.E.) 
136. Describe the method by which 
the importance of the various mineral 
constituents of a plant’s food has 
been most satisfactorily ascertained. 
(S.K.E.) 
137. What parts of a green plantare 
