1921] Crampton — Siiperlingiice or Paraglosscp of Insects 89 



maxillulse) of Crustacea develop embryologically in exactly the 

 same position and in the same way as the "superlinguae" do in the 

 embryos of insects, would be sufficient to completely disprove this 

 unfounded and misleading statement, and it is hardly in keeping 

 with the modern scientific spirit to continue to promulgate such 

 misinformation, when a little time spent in the reading of the 

 literature of the subject, or in easily conducted research, would 

 readily convince anyone of its falsity. 



Carpenter, 1903 (Proc. Eoyal Irish Academy, Yol. 24, Section 

 ''B", Part 4), interprets the structures labeled "a", "b", and "c", 

 in Fig. 9, of the paragnath of MachiUs maritima, as the repre- 

 sentatives of the lacinia, galea, and palpus of the first maxilla 

 (or "maxillula") of a crustacean, in an efi^ort to prove that the 

 ^'^superlinguse" (paragnaths) of insects represent the maxillulse of 

 Crustacea. The structures which he figures in the "superlingua" 

 of MacMlis, however, are nothing like the true lacinia, galea, and 

 palpus of the maxillulse themselves, in Crustacea, but are exactly 

 like similar structures found in the paragnaths of Crustacea, as 

 one would expect to be the case if the "superlinguae" of MachiUs 

 represent the paragnaths, not the maxillulw, of Crustacea. Liter- 

 ally hundreds of Crustacea exhibit in their paragnaths small pro- 

 jections like those labeled "a" and "b'^ in Fig. 9 ; and these pro- 

 jections of the paragnaths of Crustacea not only have the same 

 appearance as these structures in the "superlingua" of Machilis, 

 but they also bear the same type of hairs, taste organs, etc., as in 

 MacMlis. Furthermore (as I have pointed out in several papers), 

 the palpus of a maxilla of an insect, or crustacean, represents the 

 terminal segments of a mouthpart limb (the endopodite) in which 

 Ihe basal segments form the body of the maxilla, the galea and 

 lacinia being appendages (endites, or gnathobase-like structures) 

 of the basal segments of the maxillary limb. Since the palpus 

 represents the terminal segments of such a modified limb, and since 

 the "superlinguae" (paragnaths) do not represent modified limbs, 

 they cannot possibly have a palpus; and the small outgrowth 

 labeled "c" in Fig. 9 of the paragnath ("superlingua") of Machilis, 

 is merely a small, secondarily formed appendage, similar in nature 

 to the articulated appendage "e", borne on the paragnath of the 



