124 Mr. G. C. Griffiths on the 
denominates the loop crochet, Giorna calls the former 
ressort, appui or fulerwm, and the latter anneaw. Kirby 
and Spence name the bristle tendo and the loop hamus ; 
Boisduval appropriates to the bristle the names of erin 
or frein and to the loop that of coulisse; some authors 
following him so far as the bristle is concerned give it 
the Latinised designation of /renulwm, whilst Burmeister 
spenks of it as crin or subula, at the same time applying 
to the loop the name of frenu/um. 
In view of the confusion arising from these various 
names it seems convenient in this paper to retain the 
name frenulwm for the organ as a whole; to speak of the 
strong single bristle of the male insect as the spina, 
referring to the group of smaller bristles of the female 
under the diminutive plural spinule; to speak of the 
loop which holds the bristle of the male as a retinaculum, 
the term now in general use by Hampson and other 
recent writers, and to refer to the bunch of scales in the 
female as a fasciculus. 
Having thus cleared the ground, we may now consider 
the varied development of this organ as observed in the 
several divisions of the Lepidoptera. 
The only Rhopalocerous insect known to the writer as 
having the frenulum completely and functionally de- 
veloped, is the very curious and interesting Hesperiid 
from Queensland, Huschemon rafflesix. 
In the male (Fig. 14) the spina is strong and of con- 
siderable length and works through a fully developed 
retinaculum, bare or almost bare of scales. In the female 
the spinulz are perceptible only with difficulty, and are 
short and weak bristles, five in number, probably of little 
or no value to the insect. In the “Classification of the 
Hesperiide ” by Lieut. E. Y. Watson (P.Z.8. 1893, p. 3) 
this insect is omitted from the list and is considered to be 
a moth, principally on the ground that it possesses the 
frenulum ; but at that time the larval and pupal stages 
were unknown. The writer is glad to be able to announce 
that these have now been discovered by a correspondent 
in Queensland, and as in both stages the insect is clearly 
allied to the Hesperiidz, its claim to be placed among 
them will probably be fully sustained. Two or three 
other exotic species of Hesperiidz possess small bunches 
of hair-like scales upon the hindwings which are evidently 
rudimentary spine, but these are unaccompanied by even 
