144 Dr. T. A. Chapman on Heterogyna penella. 
spiracle, there is no trace of the third hairless point of 
the larger larva, nor of the tubercles being fused into 
one. The next tubercle is very low down, ventral rather 
than marginal, solitary, carrying one hair like the others. 
There is also a black plate on the dorsum of the second 
segment. 
The female pupa is much less like the larva than the 
imago is. Anteriorly it resembles the larva, slightly 
obscured in colouring and with the head bent down in 
front of the thorax, and hardly a trace of true legs. The 
head is like that of the larva with the appendages 
dwindled and atrophied ; the antennz are conical promi- 
nences, and the labrum, labium and mandibles appear as 
slight projections. The bending forwards is really that 
of an ordinary pupa, a bending usually obscured by 
the presence of the wing- and leg-cases filling up the 
hollow in front. These anterior segments are quite soft 
and larva-like and may be regarded as free, though the 
pupa does not move. The terminal segments (5th to 
10th abdominal) are enlarged, forming a rounded mass 
which makes the whole pupa look very like one of those 
toy tumblers that always stand upright on a hemispheri- 
cal base. These posterior segments, unlike the anterior 
ones, are more of an ordinary brown pupal texture, but 
the larval markings are still visible, appearing to be 
deeply buried within them. It would not be correct to 
describe these segments as “fixed,” since there are no 
incisions soldered together; the incisions are fully on the 
stretch and are of nearly the same texture as the rest of 
the segments. The spiracle of the first abdominal seg- 
ment is of course fully exposed, there being no wings, 
and there are circular patches, as in the imago, marking 
the position of the ventral prolegs. The first thoracic 
spiracle cannot be detected ; there is a point marking the 
position of the second. The spines on the anterior margins 
of the segments are microscopically small. 
On emergence the pupa protrudes the head and several 
segments from the cocoon, and the pupal case opens by a 
slit beginning transversely behind the head, thence passing 
down each side to the third thoracic segment. This 
portion of the pupal case is very elastic, so that, as the 
moth emerges, the anterior and posterior flaps thus formed 
stretch forwards and backwards into a plane and, whilst 
the moth is outside, open widely something like the upper 
