198 Mr. H. J. Elwes’s 
rufous patches with black dots in the centre. In the 
female only white pupils sometimes occur. On the under- 
side the rufous band is present on the forewing and the 
hindwing in the f has a greyish band, usually faint in the 
male and conspicuous in the female. 
In the Irkut district of Siberia a somewhat similar form 
occurs, but I have seen none from Western Siberia. 
I know of no character by which the female of ligea can 
be certainly distinguished from ewryale, and where the two 
species fly together, as I have found them do in the 
Vorarlberg and at Campiglio in Tyrol, I cannot tell the 
females apart. 
In Central Italy Herr Calberla says the two species are 
distinct in their habitat, digea inhabiting the region of 
deciduous trees, and ewryale occurring on treeless slopes at 
a higher elevation. In the Alps typical ewryale always 
extends to a much higher elevation than Jigea, ascending 
to 6,000 feet or more, and is usually quite easy to 
distinguish. 
The form described as adyte, Hiibn., which from the 
genitalia I take to belong to digea, occurs in the Alps so 
far as I know only as an occasional aberration ; what are 
called adyte in collections are often only small ligea, or 
ewryale with the markings of ligea. 
But in the Dovrefjeld of Norway and in Saltdalen 
(probably elsewhere) a form of Jdigea, judging from its 
genitalia, which is called adyte, but which sometimes re- 
sembles ewryale more than ligea and varies considerably, 
is found; and I have seen no specimens from Scandinavia 
whose genitalia are those of ewryale. In Sweden more or 
less typical digea occurs and on the east of the Baltic 
various forms of it such as /ivonica, Teich., which has the 
rufous band above much fainter and the hindwings below 
nearly unicolorous. This however seems to be inconstant. 
In Finland various forms occur, some of which seem nearer 
to ligea, and others, as ewryaloides, Tengstr.,in which the 
ocelli have nearly or quite disappeared, are more like 
euryale (Schilde says that ligea, adyte, and euryale are all 
found there and treats them as one species). What was 
described as jeniseiensis by Trybom is inseparable and most 
resembles Finland specimens. In France Sand reports 
ligea from Auvergne; but I have seen no French 
specimens. 
