214 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Review of the Genus EHrebia. 
forms of clasps are quite distinct in all the nine species, 
and especially that they are most markedly so in precisely 
those species that are most frequently confused or likely 
to be so. Thus eriphyle is not unlikely to be associated 
with melampus or with pharte, and its specific distinctness 
has even been denied; but the clasp is widely different 
from that of either of these species, though it somewhat 
resembles that of manto. LEvriphyle is not likely to be 
often taken for that species; yet, as a matter of fact, 
though I took eviphyle freely last year in Carinthia, and 
ought to have known it well enough, I also took it at 
Innsbriick and at St. Anton, but left the specimens mixed 
with those of manto until an examination of the clasps 
called my attention to them. Then I found no difficulty 
in separating them. J. pharte and melampus are also 
likely to be confused, and have even been stated to be 
one species, interbreeding together. The clasp forms are, 
however, abundantly distinct. Again, #. epiphron and 
christt might be confounded, but the clasp forms are very 
different. 
SECTION A. 
Group I. «a. The close resemblance of the clasp of 
HL. manto to that of lagea is extraordinary; and we meet 
here at the outset the most puzzling question that the 
appendages afford us throughout the whole genus. I 
separate digea and ewryale, on the one hand, from the Grass 
Erebias on the other, as a subgroup, owing to their general 
differences; the clasps would place them as almost identical. 
That they are really closer than their general facies 
suggests was curiously proved to me bya not at all 
extraordinary form of ewryale. All the Erebias have 
essentially the same fasciz on the underside of the under- 
wing, but these are marked out in manto, notably in the 
female, in a peculiar manner, by angular, pale patches. 
In the specimen of ewryale I allude to, the manto markings 
were quite distinct. 
We have to deal with not more, I think, than four 
forms, viz., ligea, euwryale, manto and cecilia (Pyrenees). 
I am unable to recognise any of these with absolute 
certainty by the clasps. 
The ligea group is distinguishable from £. manto 
by the slight but distinct tendency of the lateral pro- 
