220 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s 
be little, and that a longer series would break down 
the distinction. The appearance of the butterflies cer- 
tainly suggests that they are all the same, unless five 
distinct species are upheld, which appears inadmissible. 
In this Group II, I feel little doubt that #. ceto is 
properly placed, but the remaining form or forms suggest 
to me certain doubts that must for the present remain 
unanswered. The forms of the appendages are very close 
to those of ceto; the facies is closely related to manto, the 
peculiar marking of the underside of manto being ex- 
aggerated and repeated on the upper surface. The 
neuration is that of the European section. On the other 
hand the geographical distribution is Asiatico-American, 
and the forms of the appendages range very fairly with 
the most typical section of the Asiatic forms (Group VIII). 
My doubts are not, perhaps, so much as to this being 
properly placed, but rather as to whether this, rather than 
the neighbourhood of medusa, is not the starting point of 
the Asiatic section; or, perchance, whether the Asiatic 
group is not really two distinct groups, one arising at each 
of these points. A knowledge of the early stages may 
resolve these questions, especially a knowledge of the forms 
of the eggs, which are often very distinctive in Erebias. 
My group VIII would in this case be the one arising from 
group II, and group IX that from group VII. 
Group III. We pass naturally to the next group, in 
which the clasp is an exaggeration of that in group II. 
The body is extremely long and the combined head and 
lobe very short, ubout one-fifth of the total length of the 
clasp (in £. xthiops). The side-processes of the tegumen 
have been already referred to. 
1. £. xthiops (Fig. 17). The named forms 
of xthiops have appendages differing less from each other 
than do those of Scotch xthiops trom the others. The 
difference is almost entirely one of size, the ratio being as 
5 to 6, the Scotch being the smaller. The other named 
forms are identical with European xthiops, e.g., melusina, 
sedakovit, a faded-looking xthiops from Asia, and the pale 
niphonica from Japan. If any variety is entitled to specific 
distinction it is that found in Britain. I entertain no 
doubt they are all one species. 
