234 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s 
undivided whilst in other cases the divergence has reached 
specific distinction. 
Perhaps the best known example of this is Z. glacialis, 
which in its varied forms of alecto, pluto, nichollt, has been 
regarded as forming several distinct species, but is now 
accepted as being really only one variable species—a con- 
clusion fully borne out by the identity of the appendages 
in all the forms, and probably more readily accepted as 
the geographical area it inhabits is not a very wide 
one. 
As being perhaps at the other end of the series, in so 
far as the extreme forms are entitled to, and will doubtless 
be accorded, specific rank, we may take the group of 
E. neoridas, margarita, zapatert; margarita I have not 
had the opportunity of examining, but xeoridas and zapa- 
teri are obviously very closely allied, and the appendages 
show that zapateri, though quite a distinct form, is very 
close indeed to neoridas. 
These two instances, perhaps the most familiar, and 
also the most extreme as regards the identity or distinct- 
ness of the forms composing them, are not by any means 
the most typical and remarkable, in as much as their 
component elements are not very widely separated 
geographically. 
The wxthiops group consists of H. xthiops, inhabiting 
Europe, £. sedakovit, Asia, and £. niphonica, Japan. The 
close resemblance of these three and other named forms 
and the identity of their appendages, compel one to the 
conclusion that they are geographical varieties not entitled 
to specific rank. 
Perhaps the most interesting species in this connexion 
is LZ. fasciata from Asia, which is identical specifically 
with erinna from Asia and magdalina from Colorado. 
Their appendages differ toto cwlo from those of glacialis, as 
does the neuration, yet magdalina in appearance (and 
Mr. Elwes tells me in habits and habitat also) might be 
mistaken for glacialis, var. pluto, and erinna for glacialis, 
type. 
op nerine is of much interest, being modified into a 
small dark variety which has been called morula, in its 
more eastern range, and still further south and east 
recognised as a distinct species under the name of melas, 
We may contrast with these the manto, or grass Erebiar 
group, consisting of nine species, of which eight all occur 
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