(Sx) 
“The pupa of one species at least (C. rubescens), as shown 
by an example in the drawer, assumes a very peculiar form 
which may or may not be protective. There are on the head 
a pair of chitinous excrescences arranged in the form of 
open mandibles; they themselves are of course immovable 
but, having regard to the fact that the pupa lies in a narrow 
hole with its head towards the opening, and that it has at 
least sufficient freedom to move the head from one side to 
the other, it is difficult to resist the impression that an 
enemy attempting to enter the burrow would regard these 
nippers as formidable objects. Is it possible that the resem- 
blance to the jaws of some of the larger Hymenoptera may 
be specially intended to alarm crickets? These Mr. Dodd 
has frequently found in the burrows of other species which 
do not possess the appendages, and possibly also in those 
of C. rubescens. 
“One of the most striking peculiarities of the genus Crypto- 
phaga is to be found in the differences between the males and 
females. In some few cases (e.g. C. rubescens and C. irrorata) 
the males and females are alike and therefore quite normal 
in this respect ; but in numerous other cases the male develops 
more or less black colouring while the female remains white, 
instead of being, as one might have expected, darker than the 
male. In such species as Z. epadelpha and Z. intermedia, the 
hindwings of the male become black, the forewings being 
white like those of the female. In Z. sacerdos the male is 
black but retains a white thorax, while in Z. nigricincta the 
male is wholly slaty grey, and in the luteous species Z. balteata 
the male is dark chocolate, and differs so widely in shape and 
size from the female as to have been put at one time in a 
separate genus. I leave it to those who have studied such 
subjects with more attention than myself to endeavour to 
give a rational interpretation of these differences. So far as 
my experience goes, the prevailing rule among the Lepidoptera 
is that the female is more sluggish and more protected by 
coloration than the male, but here we have apparently an 
exactly opposite process. The males appear to be gradually 
assuming a protective colouring, which in the conspicuous 
white females is wholly disregarded, with the single exception 
