148 



THE ENTOMOLOGIST, 



bruck, where it is very common in sunny and open spaces. On the 

 wing in August." 



From this description it will be seen that Knoch not only 

 did not regard the white-pupilled ocellation as a specific 

 character of either sex, but actually gave it as his opinion 

 that the commoner form of his Epiphroji was that with the 

 simple black spots, or points — " scepius maculis tantum vel 

 punctis nigris." 



The figure referred to is that of a normal-sized female with 

 white-pupilled ocellations on the bands of both fore and hind 

 wings. Had Knoch, then, figured the male as well, the sub- 

 sequent confusion of nomenclature might have been avoided. 

 But his immediate successors in entomological literature at all 

 events do not appear to have doubted that the male Epiphron 

 resembled the female in this particular respect. Fabricius, for 

 example, writing four years later, accepted the description for 

 both sexes, repeats the account of the species given by Knoch so 

 closely that it is permissible to surmise that he never saw the 

 species alive, and finally introduces to the world his new species 

 Papilio cassiope (' Mantissa Ins.,'ii, p. 42, 1787), which he places 

 in the group, not next to Epiphron, as might be expected, but 

 immediately after his Pyrrha (= Manto, Esp.) ; and, there 

 being no figure explanatory of the text, this circumstance is 

 not without significance as we shall presently see. 



As I have transcribed Knoch's description of his Epiphron. 

 I now append in full Fabricius's account of this and his own 

 species Cassiope : 



"Epiphron, 411, P. N. G. Ahs integris nigris ; fascia rubra; 

 anticis supra ocellis duobus subtus tribus, posticis supra tribus subtus 

 quinque. 



" Papilio Epiphron Knoch Beytr. 3, tab. 6, fig. 7. 



"Habitat in Germaniae montosis, Dom. Boeber. 



" Statura omnino et summa affinitas P. Medusae at duple fere 

 minor. Corpus atrum antennis subtus albis. Alse supra nigricantes 

 fascia fulva anticarum imprimis valde abbreviata ocellis duobus 

 approximatis, posticaB ocellis tribus omnibus pupillatis. Subtus 

 concolores at anticis ocellis tribus, posticis ocellis quinque. Numerus 

 ocellorum alae anticae variat. 



" 417. Cassiope, F. P. N. G. Alis integris fuscis ; fascia rufa ; 

 punctis tribus ocellaribus nigris, posticis subtus punctis solis. 



"Habitat in Austriae Gramine, Dom. Schieffermyler (sic). 



" Praecedenti alfinis " {i. e. Pyrrha F.) " at paullo minor. Corpus 

 nigrum. Antennae subtus pallidae. Ate omnes supra nigrse, fascia 

 mai-ginis baud attingente, in posticis in primis macular! rufa et in 

 hac puncta tria nigra. Subtus anticae concolores, posticae punctis 

 tribus at absque fascia rufa." 



Again no differentiation of the sexes. But it is, I think, 

 worth mention that in the ' Systematische Beschreibung der 



