150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



I 



Fabricius's works, and that as yet no question of preoccupied 

 names had arisen to vex the souls of the systematists. 



Knoch's ' Beitrage ' was published at Leipzig, Johann 

 Christian Fabricius's ' Mantissa ' at Copenhagen, Borkhausen's 

 work on European butterflies at Frankfort, and the three 

 authors were contemporaries. 



In 1789, however, there was published at Lyons an edition of 

 Linnaeus's ' Entomologia, Faunas Suecicse descriptionibus aucta, 

 D.D. Scopoli, Geoffroy, de Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, etc.,' under 

 the editorship of Charles de Villers, and here we find Cassiope 

 with Engramelle's name — " Le Petit Negre a Bandes Fauves " 

 Papilio JEthiops minor. 



" 57. P.G. (le petit Ethiopian) obscure fuscus, fascia fulva saepius 

 obliterata, ocellis caecis, v. Pap. d'Eur. t. 24, f. 45. 

 "Hah. in pratis n:iontium Occitanige." 



But, on reference to the figure in Ernst Engramelle's work 

 cited, the butterfly is seen to have white fringes to the wings 

 decidedly suggestive of a small E. euri/ale, and the figure of the 

 underside (45) might well represent that species. 



That de Villers enjoyed a personal knowledge of Epiphron is 

 more than doubtful; the " montium Occitanice" is vague and 

 negatives any such assumption. Still, he is the first French 

 writer in the field with the Erebias, and for a long time on the 

 word is entirely with the Germans, whose energy and productive- 

 ness in entomology is the more remarkable when we remember 

 the disturbed state of all northern Europe — Germany included — 

 at this period. Esper's ^Ethiops minor, Illiger,* considered to be 

 a form of Mnestra, and by way of clearing up (!) matters he 

 suggested the name of jEthiopellus for it. 



The next writer to make the confusion of this group worse 

 confounded is Johann Friedrich Herbst. whose ' Natursystem ' 

 and ' Continuation of Buffon's Natural History ' was published 

 at Berlin in 1796. Here we have Epipron (sic) and Cassiope 

 (p. 116) separately described and at some distance from one 

 another, clearly indicating the author's view of their respective 

 individuality. But though he places Cassiope, as Fabricius did, 

 immediately after Pyrrha, it is pretty certain that his Pyrrha is 

 not Fabricius's Pyrrha, but Pirene (= Stygne, Ochs.), which he 

 says is an Austrian species, questioning whether it can be truly 

 distinguished from P. epiphron (this time spelt correctly). The 

 " prsecedente paullo minor " is echoed, none the less, in his " er 

 ist etwas kleiner als der vorige," but either he overlooks or 

 ignores Borkhausen's important sexual differentiation. 



For some reason or other neither Kirby nor Staudinger appears 

 to have realised that the Papilio melampus described in Leonardo 

 de Prunner's * Lepidoptera Pedemontana,' published at Turin in 



* ' System. Verz. Schmett. du Wiener Gegend.,' Brunswick, 1801. 



