EKEBIA EPIPHRON, KNOCK. 243 



Of Cassiope he says : 



" Les individus des Vosges sont plus noirs, la bande ferrugineuse 

 pins vive, et les points noirs mieux marques que ceux des Alps, et de 

 I'Auvergne." 



A little later Edward Newman (London, 1874 ; his work on 

 the British Butterflies bears no date), recognises Einphron as 

 the type, and adds that " in accordance with the usage of science 

 the earliest name only is retained." But the nest German 

 writer, Gustave Piamann, ignoring all previous authorities, 

 including the famous 1871 Catalog of Staudinger, drops Cassiope 

 altogether (' Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der angren- 

 zenden Lander,' Arnstadt, 1872-1875). A figure of Epiphron is 

 shown on the somewhat rough chromolithographic quarto plate 

 xi, fig. 254, but fig. 255, referred to in the legend as Melampus, 

 is decidedly more like it. 



Next, following Newman, comes the Kev. F. 0. Morris's more 

 ambitious but far less practical ' British Butterflies and Moths ' 

 (1876), which includes a number of coloured illustrations rather 

 above the average in quality for the time. It cannot, however, 

 be regarded as a serious contribution to the then knowledge of 

 our insular insect fauna, being in most cases obviously little 

 more than a compilation from preceding authors. But I mention 

 it because, although the writer speaks in the text (p. 53) of 

 "the small black dots with obscure pupils" on the wings of 

 Hipparchia cassiope (no allusion is made to Epiphron), the 

 accompanying plate shows an underside of the male and an 

 upperside of the female in both of which figures the eye-spots 

 are pupilled with white. I think the artist probably took Enoch's 

 original female figure for his model, and got over the difficulty 

 of figuring the male with the suppositious white-pupilled ocella- 

 tions by inventing an underside which might square wath the 

 ambiguous wording of Enoch's description. 



Although the published works on the western palsearctie 

 Lepidoptera, other than special monographs and catalogues, for 

 the next five and twenty 3^ears are neither many nor remarkable^ 

 the correct style of nomenclature for our species becomes 

 established, or nearly so. In 1884, after several years' publica- 

 tion in separate parts. Dr. H. C. Lang's ' Pihopalocera Europe ' 

 appeared in book form, and is still the only complete work on 

 the western palsearctic butterflies in the language with coloured 

 illustrations. Here Erebia epiphron, Eutz. (sic), is properly 

 recognised as the type, and vars. («) Cassiope, Fab., etc., (b) 

 Nelamus, Boisd., and (c) Pi/renaica — no author cited — follow. 



In 1889, however, " with the object of making the butterflies 

 of the palsearctic fauna better known to English entomologists," 

 having already reviewed the genera Colias, and Parnassius, 

 Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., published his "Notes on the Genus 

 Erebia" (' Trans. Ent. Soc. London,' 1889, pp. 317-342), and in 



