134 THK ENTOMOLOGIST. 
VARIATION AND VARIETAL Forms. 
O. literana has an extensive range of variation : so extensive, in 
fact, and so distinct and widely apart are certain of the forms that 
the earlier authors considered there were several species involved. 
A number of the forms have been figured, in some cases 
exceedingly well: unquestionably the best group of figures is 
Hubner’s ‘ Tortrices,’ figs. 88 to 97. The various forms keep 
very distinct, and there is little tendency for intermediates to 
occur, although these turn up from time to time. 
O. literana, L. (Plate I, figs. 1 and 2.) 
Synonymy.—Literana, L., Syst. Nat., edn. x, p. 580, No. 204 
(1758) ; Edn. xu, p. 876 (1767); Schiff, 5.4 Vi; pseel 7eGians 
Fab., Sys. Ent., p. 646 (1775); Fab., Syst. Ent., tome iil, part u, 
p. 271, No. 122 (1794) ; Hub., Tort., fig. 89 (1797) ; Donovan, 
Brit. Ins., x, pl. 355, fig. 2, and p. 78 (1801); Haworth, Lep. 
Brit., p. 411, No. 58 (1803); Hub., Verz., p. 386, No. 3747 
(1826); Frol., Tort. Wurt., p. 18 (1828) ; Stephens, Cat., p. 187, 
No. 7094 (1829); Curtis, List, p. 173 (1829); Treitsche, Schmett 
v. Kur., viii, p. 184 (1830) ; Rennie, Conspectus, p. 179 (1882) ; 
Curtis, Brit. Ent., p. 440, No. 1 (1833); Stephens, Haust., iv, 
p- 164 (1834) ; Godart et Duponchel, Hist. Nat., ix, p. 126, and 
pl. 242, figs. la and 1b (1834) ; Wood, Ind. Ent., fig. 1098 (1889) ; 
Westwood, Brit. Moths, pl. 96, fic. 10, and p. 164 (1845) ; Herr. 
Schaff., Schmett. Vv. ur. SO 152 (1849) ; Wilkinson, Brith 
Tort., p. 160 (1859) ; Stainton, Man., ii, p. 230 (1859) ; Stan- 
dinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 94 (1861), and p. 288 (1871); Frey, 
Lep. Schweiz., p. 284 (1880); Snellen, Vlinders, p. 176 (1882) ; 
' Sorhagen, Klein. Schmett. Bran., p. 65 (1886); Meyrick, Brit. 
Lep., p. 522 (1895) ; Staudinger, Cat. Pal. Lep., ii, p. 81, No. 
1458 (1901) ; Barrett, Brit. Lep., x, p. 216, and pl. 455, fig. 3 
(1905) ; Spuler, Schmett. Eur., taf. 88, fig. 11, and p. 242 
(1908) ; Kennel, Pal. Tort., taf. 5, fig. 1, and p. 82 (1908) ; 
Wagner, Lep. Cat., par. x, p. 68 (1912). 
Original description.—Phalaena tortrix literana alis rhombeis 
superioribus viridibus characteribus atris. Habitat in Germania, 
Simillima precedenti (viridana) sed alis saturatius viridibus. 
Characteribus plurimis atris (Linnaeus, ‘Syst. Nat.,’ ed. x, 
p. 580, No. 204 (1758). 
The type form occurs generally hea the species is found 
in Britain ;* although not the most abundant, it is one of the 
* There is considerable variation in British examples of the type form; the 
majority have the black linear characters heavily marked asin Fig. 1. Others have 
these characters very slightly indicated as in Fig. 2, and there are all degrees of 
intermediates between those two. The description of Linné applies equally to all 
those forms, and unfortunately we are without evidence as to what his specimen 
was like other than his very brief description. It is not in his collection at Bur- 
lington House, and Clerck does not figure it. It is not improbable that he never 
saw the type, but that he described it from a German or other correspondent’s 
description. 
