136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
regions of the Mediterranean littoral. From the eastern area 
(Palestine) I have female examples, kindly sent me by Capt. 
Barraud, late R.A.M.C., taken at Beisan, 400 ft. below sea-level, 
on January 31st, 1920, already worn. They are small (= ab. 
vel forma minor, Failla), dusky, and the orange-yellow ground- 
colour lacking in lustre. They are the parents of the next 
emergence, which apparently takes place at or towards the end 
of March. Fresh female examples on the 31st,north‘of Jerusalem, 
800 ft. below sea-level; and again fresh females at Haifa, on the 
coast, May 21st, 1920—these last two rather larger, but still 
small compared with the gen. est. (= first emergence in England) 
form of August. From that date onwards there would seem to 
be no month when Edusa was not observed in the plains. 
Passing to Cyprus, we find the Cypriot race described* as a 
little above the average size, and very common from March to 
November. I may say en passant that I have never seen an 
example of helice or pallida of the first spring brood, but unless 
it 1s a warm seasonal form, I see no other reason why it should 
not occur. Dr. Verity has figured (‘Rhopal. Palearet.,’ pl. xlvii, 
fig. 11) a 2 vernalis-aubuissoni which is decidedly a transition 
form to Helice. In Lower and Middle Egypt, Major P. P. Graves 
says (‘ Bull. Soc. Ent. d’ Egypte,’ 1915, p. 150) that while Edusa 
may be taken any month throughout the cultivated areas, it 1s 
most numerous in winter, as one might expect, the imagines 
from well-matured larve feeding on ‘‘bersim,” a species of 
clover. But though he does not date the Pallida observed, 
‘sometimes exceptionally large,’’ it is most likely they fly at the 
time when the vegetation is luxuriant, viz. in (our) winter months. 
In North Africa the Rev. EK. A. Eaton (‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ xix, 
p- 43) records a female on the wing at Algiers apparently 
ovipositing, and it was encountered there, and inland to Biskra 
in February by Miss Fountaine when collecting in these regions; 
M. Oberthur’s collection includes January examples from the 
same localities ; Lord Rothschild reports others at 3300-8600 ft. 
on the Hauts Plateaux in April and May (‘Nov. Zool.,’ xxi, 
p. 807, 1914). The Algerian males vary from rather pale yellow 
to bright orange yellow, and, with the females, often constitute 
intermediates to Helicina, Obthr. 
In a very useful papert published in 1919 in the ‘Entomo- 
logical Record,’ Dr. Verity discusses the seasonal appearances of 
Edusa, and it is clear from his remarks that, given favourable 
weather conditions, the butterfly emerges continuously throughout 
the year in and up to Central Italy (Tuscany), and with this 
peculiarity that, whereas the second main emergence is of typical 
* «The Butterflies of Cyprus,’ H.-J. Turner, ‘ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,’ 1920, 
p. 184. 
+ «The Varieties, Various Modes of Emergence, and the Number of Broods of 
the Grypocera and of the Rhopalocera of Southern Europe, illustrated by Tuscan 
Specimens,”’ p. 87, and correction, p. 121. 
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