188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
all events, M. Foulquier (‘Cat. des Lépids. des Bouches-du- 
Rhone,’ 1899) contents himself with the observation ‘‘ March to 
October.’’ I should be inclined to think—and my personal 
observations of the species support my view—that the con- 
tinuous, or even occasional, appearances in winter of the imagines 
extends no further than the littoral, and is only possible in very 
favoured localities north of the line which divides the Midi from 
the central regions. Nothing like a systematic search of the 
in-coast Departments has yet been carried out by French 
lepidopterists. Milliere hardly touched even the eastern fringe 
of Ardeche ; Gard is terra incognita except the famous Pont-du- 
Gard locality; and the same may be said of Herault, which 
since the days of Rambur, and a solitary visit long ago of the 
Entomological Society of France in early summer to Montpellier, 
has been left severely alone, and most undeservedly, so far as 
published observations are concerned. 
On the French Alpes-Maritimes Milliere does not help us. 
His allusions to Hdusa are hopelessly incomplete; nor is Bromilow 
(‘ Butterflies of the Riviera’) much more explicit with May and 
June for the first flight, meaning, I presume, the progeny of the 
real gen. vern., for I have taken the small form at Hyeres in 
March, and it has been reported there in January and February 
(February 12th, 1892, ‘ Entomologist,’ xxvi, p. 128) by Bromilow 
himself. The Hyeres first (fresh) emergence is undersized, rather 
pale in colour, but not conspicuously dusky in the females as in 
those from the eastern Mediterranean. Guillemot* supports my 
view that Helice does not appear with the true gen. vern. of 
Southern Europe. 
M. Oberthtr, moreover, considers that in France Edusa is a 
stable species only as far north as the Loire valley (Central 
France)—that is to say, that it has its regular succession of 
broods to that latitude, but that beyond it, including, of course, | 
Great Britain, it is represented by the progeny of migrants, 
whether or not a few in specially favoured localities survive the 
northern winter of abnormally mild years in the larval state. 
Mr. R. Adkin has discussed+ the whole question of British 
immigration, and the probable lines of communication adopted, 
but in harmony with M. Oberthur’s ascertained facts, a part of 
our incomers might have their origin on the French Mediterranean 
coast-to-central area, and not entirely in the more distant (but 
certainly not impossible) North African preserves of the species. 
Emigration there may be from North Africa, but it is not easy 
to understand why, in ordinary years, the flight in search of 
feeding-grounds for the future offspring, if that be the motive 
of migration, should reach even these boreal climes when the 
* «Observations sur Les Lépidoptéres du Printemps,’ etc., 1856 (?). 
+ ‘*Colias edusa in Britain,’’ ‘Proc. S. London Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc.,’ 
1914-15. 
