20 B.C. ExTOJiOLOGic.iL Society. 



various insects by their most distinctive larval and adult characteristics and their 

 respective injuries to their host-plants, with brief notes on the life-histories under 

 Lower Fraser conditions and remedies suggested for control. 



Tbee-fkuit Insects. 



The Eye-spotted Bud-moth {Tmetocera- ocellana, Schiff).* 



This Tortricid probably ranks first among the various insects attacking the apple 

 in the Fraser Valley. It is destructive only in the larval (worm) stage. The winter 

 is passed in the partially grown larval stage attached to the main limbs and trunks 

 of the trees, securely covered by a silken web. When the buds begin to burst in the 

 spring, the young larv.-e cut through their silken coverings and commence to feed on 

 the buds and developing leaves. The larva can be recognized by its colour. It is 

 chestnut-brown, with head, legs, and thoracic shield black, smooth, and shiny. 

 When full grown the larva is % inch in length, although in the spring and early 

 summer the larva may vary from Vs to % inch. 



As all the eggs are not laid at one time and as the hatching from the eggs does not 

 occur conjointly with all the individuals, consequently the larvre enter their winter 

 quarters in the fall in various stages of growth, and, in turn, appear in the spring 

 with the same variations. The result of this is that larvse continue feeding to all 

 dates until the last days of July before passing to the next stage of its history, the 

 resting stage, or the pupa. The moth is supposed to be single-brooded, no evidence 

 yet being received to indicate even a partial second bi'ood. On the other hand, 

 puiire may be formed by the more mature larvse by the first week of June. The pupa 

 may be recognized, in its turn, by its length and colour. It is chocolate-brown in 

 general colour, with the abdominal segments somewhat lighter than the head, thorax, 

 and appendages ; each segment of the abdomen possesses two rows of numerous 

 tooth-like processes, while the last segment pos.sesses several hooked bristles used for 

 the purpose of retaining it securely in its place of pupation. ■ Length, approximately 

 Vs inch. Pupse of this description may be found in the dried curled leaves so 

 commonly seen on apple-trees in the Lower Fraser during the summer. The pupal 

 stage lasts from thirteen to twenty days and carries over from the first week of 

 June until well Into August. The adult moth, which is ashy grey and capable of 

 expanding its wings about % inch, then ajjpears from the resting pupa to lay eggs 

 and again produce the destructive larviie. It is assumed at the present time that 

 all of the eggs hatch and produce larvse before fall. The eggs are very minute and 

 are laid on both surfaces of the leaves. 



The main injury is caused in the early spring, when the young larvae attack the 

 developing buds, terminal and lateral, preventing the normal growth of shoots and 

 forcing the growth of many side and lateral shoots in place of one, and by affecting 

 the formation of blossom by the attack on fruit-buds. The most eflScient remedy is 

 the application of arsenate of lead in the form of a spray at the time of the bursting 

 of the buds and previous to the formation of bloom. 



The Lesser Apple-worm (Enarmonla prnnivora, Walsh). 



The life-history of this Tortricid is very imperfectly known, as yet. under our 

 local conditions. It is universally spread over our present fruit areas of the Lower 

 Fraser and Vancouver Island. It is commonly seen in the latter part of the summer, 

 at the time of the fall fairs, on fruit in the orchards. For the reason that its nature 

 of injury closely resembles that of the codling-moth, it was thought advisable to 

 prevent confusion by a brief reference to its characteristics. 



The larva of the codling-moth (Carpocapsa pomoneUa, L.), another Tortricid, 

 is when full grown about % inch in length, white or pinkish in colour, with a brown 

 head and faint tubercles over the body. A great proportion of the larvre of the first 



* The scientific anrt common uames for the majority of the insects in this paper are 

 those recommended l)y the Americixn Association of Economic Entomologists in Circular No. 1, 

 June, 1909. 



