PSYCHE. 



317 



to the second we must look for the divi- 

 sion of the district into fannal areas. If 

 we include Long Island as a part of 

 New England, which we may reason- 

 ably do, we have actual record of 4S 

 species from this district. Of these 19 

 belong to the first group, 3 to the third, 

 and 26 to the second. 



The second group — those distributed 

 over but a part of New England — falls 

 natiu-ally into two divisions, a boreal 



d an austral. The former, consisting 

 of several species of boreal character, 

 extends from the north over varying 

 portions of the district ; the latter, aus- 

 tral in character, extends similarly from 

 the south over varying poitions. These 

 two divisions overlap each other widely-, 

 a consequence due in part to the genend 

 north and south trend of the more im- 

 portant physical features, — mountain 

 chains, river valleys and sea-coast,-- 

 with its consequent effect on temper- 

 atures, but chiefly to other causes, par- 

 ticularly that of specific adaptability, as 

 will be shown. 



The northern division contains six 

 species. The first of these, Podisma 

 glacialis, is of a truly boreal and sub- 

 alpine character, and is found more or 

 less commonly in the vicinity of tree- 

 line on the higher mountains of New 

 England (Ktaadn, i, White Mts., S, 

 Ascutney, 15, Greylock, 26, 3000 to 

 4500 ft.) and at a lower level in north- 

 ern Maine (Jackman, 3). 



Closely related to it in distribution 

 and associated with it in several of the 

 same stations is Melanophis fnajic/ts, 

 which seems, however, to be able to 



withstand a higher temperature. This 

 species has Iteen found on Mt. Desert 

 Id., 4, the White Mts., 1, Ascutney 

 jMt., 15, and occurs, probably in an 

 outlying colony, as far south as southern 

 Connecticut, 34. This southward ex- 

 tension of its range is probabl}' due to 

 the influence of the ice-age. 



These two species are apterous or 

 sub-apteroiis and in consequence of their 

 boreal charactei', are markedly discon- 

 tiiuKius in distribution, except, possibly, 

 in the extreme north. Tlie remaining 

 four are winged, in cf)nsequence are 

 able to range more widely and occur, 

 ill the adult stage at least, on the alpine 

 summits of the White Mts. as well as at 

 lower levels. 



Two of them prefer moist situations 

 and apparently have much the same 

 distribution. These are Mccostcthus 

 gracilis (Norway, Me., 6, White Mts., 

 S, and Jaftrey, i[, N. H., northern 

 Vermont, 13, 13. Greylock Mt., 26, 

 Mass.) and Afelatioplns extremus 

 (Hudson, 3, and Norway, 6, Me., 

 White Mts., S, Jackson, 9, and No. 

 Conway, 10. N. H., Ascutney Mt., 15, 

 Woodstock, 14, and northern Vermont, 

 13, 13, Mt. Greylock, 36, and Winch- 

 endon, 32, Mass). The first of these 

 is met by its congener, lineatus, which 

 takes its place in southern Nevv Eng- 

 land. 



The remaining two boreal species 

 extend even further to tlie south, reach- 

 ing northern Connecticut. These are 

 Circotcttix I'crnicu/atiis and Camnula 

 pelliicida. The former frequents rocky 

 ground and is met (or overlapped) at 



