320 



PSYCHE. 



neighborhood of Boston and Wellesley, 

 at least, of the austral species Mela?io- 

 flus scuddcri and Dichromorp/ia 

 viridis^ and the boreal species Circo- 

 tettix -verruculatus and Camnula 

 fellucida. * 



Notwithstanding discrepancies, to 

 whatever agency due, it is clear that 

 (he distribution of locusts in New Eng- 

 land is primarily and distinctly climatal 

 in character, although strongly influ- 

 enced by physiography and its attend- 

 ant conditions. 



The division of the district into 

 faunal zones is apparently less distinct, 

 but we may confidently recognize 

 three, — first, a boieal or Canadian, 

 closely following the restricted limits 

 of that zone as laid down on Scudder' 

 map, but even a little more restricted.! 



This zone is characterised by the 

 absence of the austral species and the 



*This is particularly interesting from the fact that both 

 of the austral species are nearly or quite flightless, — 

 scttdderi entirely so, viridis except for a long-winged 

 form of small numerical percentage, — and are usually 

 plentiful in localities where they occur. Possibly they 

 are to be regarded as recent invaders which have not yet 

 reached their ultimate extension in New England. Of 

 interest in this connection is the fact that while z'iridis at 

 least is common in Rhode Island, both species are absent 

 from Block Id 32, and Martha's Vineyard, 30, where 

 other flightless species are found (on the former : Nomo- 

 tettix cristattts ; on the latter : Nam. cristatiis, Pseudopo- 

 viala briuhyptera^ Cldoealiis conspcrsa, Melaywphts fascia- 

 ius), all of them having a much more extensive northward 

 range. Both scudderi and viridis, I am informed, are 

 found on Long Id., a fact probably due to its proximity 

 to shore. Otherwise, the island-fauna essentially agrees, 

 so far as known, with that of the adjacent mainland, but 

 it has been very little studied. 



■ t It is possible that the passing of the winter in the 

 egg stage in the ground may permit of a more general 

 northward range of austral species among locusts tlian in 

 some other groups. 



presence of the boreal, of which Po- 

 disma glacialis is the most character- 

 istic. Its limits are most sharply 

 marked in the White Mt. region in the 

 vicinity of No. Conway. It covers 

 the tops of the higher mountains in 

 Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hamp- 

 shire and Maine, a part of northern 

 Vermont and New Hampshire, and 

 the larger portion of northern Maine. 



Second, an austral, upper austral, or 

 Carolinian zone, characterized by the 

 absence of typically boreal species and 

 the presence of distinctly : ustral ones. 

 This covers a large part of Connecti- 

 cut, reaches Massachusetts in the Con- 

 necticut valley, and extends also into 

 the southeastern part of that State. 



Third, a transition or Allegh:inian 

 zone covering the territory not included 

 by the other two and characterized by 

 the overlapping of boreal and austral 

 species. The line of demarcation be- 

 tween the transition and austral zones 

 is most distinct in Connecticut, closely 

 following the isotherm of 48° ; it is less 

 distinct in Massachusetts though prob- 

 ably all of the area southeast of this 

 line in that state should be included in 

 the Carolinian zone. * 



♦ In support of this view tliere may be adduced the 

 absence from the country around Wellesley and Boston 

 of the two boreal species C. vemtadatits and C pelbtiida, 

 which have the greatest southward range, and the presence 

 of the austral species Paroxya Jloridana, Hesperotettix 

 brcvipennis, Orphuia maadipennis and Schistocerca rubi- 

 ginosa. Here also the sassafras, chestnut, liickory nuts, 

 and hazel nuts are plentiful, even the tupelo is common, 

 and peaches, while not fully reliable, are in certain places, 

 under careful management, an important crop. In view 

 of these facts it would seem tliat this section should be 

 regarded as an extension of the upper austral, carrying .» 

 dilute CaroUnian fauna. 



