36 SOME INSECTS INJURIOUS TO TRUCK CROPS. 
date larve were found in the soil, and when these were apparently 
ready to pupate some of them were placed in vials of soil and ob- 
served daily. A few of these larvee pupated and from these data the 
length of larval life was found to be about 35 days. This time checks 
up very well with the other observations made in the field. 
Pupation.—This insect does not form a distinct pupal cell, as is 
the case with some other coleopterous larve, but when full grown 
ceases to feed, contracts greatly in length, and enters a long somnus, 
the prepupal stage. The larva remains in this stage from 11 to 14 
days, and then transforms to a true pupa (fig. 9, 6, c) with free 
appendages. 
Fic. 9.—The hop flea-beetle : a, Larva; b, pupa, ventral view ; c, pupa, dorsal view. Much 
enlarged. (Original.) 
THE PUPA. 
Description.—When the pupa is formed it is pearly white in color~ 
and is much like the adult beetle in form. The sheaths for the adult 
appendages are free from the body, and the legs, wing-pads, and an- 
tenne, although folded up, may be easily distinguished. The pupa 
of this flea-beetle is not very delicate, as was shown by the fact that 
a number of them were removed from the soil for daily examination 
during a period of eight days, without injury. 
Duration of stage and transformation to adult.—The true pupal 
stage lasts on an average 164 days. The first evidence of transforma- 
tion is the appearance of color in the eyes; then gradually the mandi- 
bles, tibial joints, and antenne become dark in color, the legs turn 
light brown, and the elytra move to the back. When this condition 
is reached the beetle is able to crawl about. It does not get out of 
