492 MacCauGHEy: THE STRAND FLORA 
The mean range of the Hawaiian tides is very slight, that at 
Honolulu being 1.3 feet, and that at Hilo, 1.8 ft, These ranges are 
typical for all the islands, and contrast forcibly with the large 
ranges of many other littorals. For example at Apia, Samoa, 
the average rise is 3 ft. per tide; the tides in Sydney Harbor rise 
6-7 ft.; Johnson and York (’15, p. 131) in their comprehensive 
ecological study of the tide-levels at Cold Spring Harbor, New 
York, found a mean tidal range of 7.63 ft., with a variation of 
from 4.2 ft. to 10.8 ft. 
The following data from the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 
Tide Tables show the tidal range through a single typical month, 
January, at Honolulu, in feet: 
Date Moon I 2 3 4 
3 New; farthest south....... 2.2 0.1 0.6 —0.2 
4 POTIRER SS. un eee oo NDS 2:3 0.1 0.6 —-O.1 
9 Mavator. We. heen Le hs 0.5 I.4 0.0 1.0 
Io Mitet duatter <6 i 0.7 1.2 0.0 2 
16 Parthest south. 02.07. 22 Qt 0.2 0.6 0.1 
18 Moon; Sporee.. 2... .. re 0.2 0.6 “*O.1 
24 Hquatee.: oes ee 0.4 i 0.0 1 
26 Abin auarter 0.7 0.9 0.0 5 
30 Briheet South ooo Sc: 2: 0.2 0.7 —0.2 
Contrasting sharply with the poorly defined tidal zones of the 
Hawaiian littoral are those regions with large tidal fluctuations. 
For example, Ganong (’06, p. 85) in his studies of the Miscou 
Island littoral, in the extreme northeast corner of New Bruns- 
wick, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, found three well defined 
beach zones: 
First—‘‘a broad sloping inter-tidal beach of pure sand without 
vegetation.” This corresponds to the mud-flats along the southern 
shores of Oahu. 
Second—a “narrow band between ordinary and extreme high 
tides.” This zone was practically barren of vegetation. This 
zone is negligible in Hawaii. 
Third—a ‘‘broad shelf, . . . reached only by the very highest 
tides.” This is an “upper beach,” and is characterized by scat- 
tered drift-wood and dry, ever-shifting sand. Some of the typical 
plants of this zone are Salsola Kali, Cakile edulenta, Atriplex 
patula hastata, and Ammophila arenaria. Ganong states ‘that 
