DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS. 



871 



niminnnt animals, both wild and tame. In the Transvaal and on the Orange River 

 tlie sjn-ing-boks sometimes tread upon them unawares, and when that happens the 

 sharp claws grasp the hoof and the animal is driven to frenzy by the pain and 

 gallops madly away, but is unable to set itself free from the instrument of torture. 

 It is often several days before the capsule breaks up and falls off. The fruits, whicli 



Fig. 477.— Fruits furnished with hoolis. 



> Galium Aparine. - Hooked bristles of the fruit of the same. * Bedysarum Canadense. * A piece of the lomentum of the 

 game. * Hooked bristles of Hedysarum Canadense. 6 Cynoglossuin pictum. t Hooked prickles on the fruits of the same, 

 s Circcea Lutetiana, » Hooked bristles on the fruit of the same, lo Torili« Anthriijcus. n Single fruit of Torilis Anthriscus. 

 12 Curved prickles on this fruit. '3 Lappago racemosa. i* Single fruiting spike of the same. 16 Setaria verticiUata. 

 " Fruit-hearing branchlet with involucral bristles from a spike of Setaria verticiUata. >7 Bidens bipinnata. is Single 

 fruit of the same. " Fruit of Caccinia Uri'jma. 2*> Hooked prickles on the fruit of Caccinia strüjosa, 2, 4^ 6^ 7^ 9^ ii_ it^ 

 1«, 1», 1« and ■" magnified. 



are armed with hooked bristles or prickles, are so numerous that even a superficial 

 account of them cannot be undertaken here, and we must content ourselves with 

 mentioning a few of the most remarkable forms. Amongst these are the capsular 

 fruits of Krameria Ixina and Triuvifetta Plumieri (see figs. 478'*' and 478^'), the 

 sheathed achenes of several species of Calligonum and Rumex, e.g. Rumex nepalensis 

 (fig. 478'), the pods of many Papilionaceae (e.g. Medicago agrestis and M. radiata, 

 Onobrychis cequidentata and Hedysarum Canadense; see figs. 478^ and 478 ^ and 



